{"id":377132,"date":"2022-01-09T07:47:58","date_gmt":"2022-01-09T10:47:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/?p=377132"},"modified":"2022-01-10T08:30:36","modified_gmt":"2022-01-10T11:30:36","slug":"a-verdade-sobre-o-abuso-de-drogas-na-antiguidade-revelada-pela-ciencia-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/a-verdade-sobre-o-abuso-de-drogas-na-antiguidade-revelada-pela-ciencia-2\/","title":{"rendered":"A verdade sobre o abuso de drogas na Antiguidade, revelada pela ci\u00eancia"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"bbc-1151pbn e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<h1 id=\"content\" class=\"bbc-1lsgtu3 e1yj3cbb0\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"e1j2237y5 bbc-q4ibpr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div class=\"bbc-1atl7vu e1c9i7u14\">\n<p>Philip Matyszak*<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"e1j2237y6 bbc-q4ibpr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e6bmn90\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y e1whu0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1enwo3v1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/10D68\/production\/_109186986_arriba-drogas.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/10D68\/production\/_109186986_arriba-drogas.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/10D68\/production\/_109186986_arriba-drogas.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/10D68\/production\/_109186986_arriba-drogas.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/10D68\/production\/_109186986_arriba-drogas.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/10D68\/production\/_109186986_arriba-drogas.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/10D68\/production\/_109186986_arriba-drogas.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/10D68\/production\/_109186986_arriba-drogas.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/10D68\/production\/_109186986_arriba-drogas.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/10D68\/production\/_109186986_arriba-drogas.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"eehpdyc0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1enwo3v0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/10D68\/production\/_109186986_arriba-drogas.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" alt=\"Ilustra\u00e7\u00e3o de 'Materia Medica' de Diosc\u00f3rides, do artista Yusuf al Mawsili\" width=\"976\" height=\"549\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-1t9zlwf eede9f50\" dir=\"ltr\">Imagem de uma vers\u00e3o \u00e1rabe do s\u00e9culo 13 do livro &#8216;Materia Medica&#8217;, de Diosc\u00f3rides, em que o m\u00e9dico, farmac\u00eautico e bot\u00e2nico da Gr\u00e9cia antiga est\u00e1 com um disc\u00edpulo segurando um mandr\u00e1gora<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\"><b>As refer\u00eancias ao\u00a0<\/b><a class=\"bbc-n8oauk e1cs6q200\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/portuguese\/topics\/37cd3473-7b24-44b0-84c1-bf3c4801df5e\">consumo de drogas<\/a><b>\u00a0na Antiguidade s\u00e3o escassas e isoladas. Quando aparecem, as drogas s\u00e3o mencionadas quase por acaso \u2014 e se concentram em aspectos medicinais e religiosos, deixando de lado qualquer alus\u00e3o ao uso recreativo.<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">H\u00e1, no entanto, um com\u00e9rcio internacional de drogas desde 1000 a.C., e a arqueologia se juntou \u00e0 ci\u00eancia para desvendar a verdade que parece ter sido cuidadosamente ocultada por escritores antigos e seus subsequentes tradutores.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Havia v\u00e1rias maneiras de alterar a realidade nas civiliza\u00e7\u00f5es antigas do mundo Mediterr\u00e2neo, mas duas drogas dominavam: o \u00f3pio e a maconha.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Uma pesquisa minuciosa, realizada nas \u00faltimas duas d\u00e9cadas, come\u00e7ou a revelar padr\u00f5es no uso dessas drogas \u2014 at\u00e9 ent\u00e3o desconhecidos inclusive pelos historiadores cl\u00e1ssicos do s\u00e9culo 20.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h2 id=\"Aparecimento-do-\u00f3pio\" class=\"bbc-l3e97o e14hemmw0\" tabindex=\"-1\">Aparecimento do \u00f3pio<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Uma das primeiras pistas que os povos antigos consideravam a papoula muito mais do que uma planta bonita vem do seu uso frequente em est\u00e1tuas e gravuras.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1n4f7vm e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<section class=\"bbc-1tuvzyv ebqhneu1\" role=\"region\" data-e2e=\"recommendations-heading\" aria-labelledby=\"recommendations-heading\">\n<div class=\"bbc-bjn8wh emhm4kg2\"><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e6bmn90\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y e1whu0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1enwo3v1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/18298\/production\/_109186989_diosa-opio.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/18298\/production\/_109186989_diosa-opio.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/18298\/production\/_109186989_diosa-opio.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/18298\/production\/_109186989_diosa-opio.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/18298\/production\/_109186989_diosa-opio.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/18298\/production\/_109186989_diosa-opio.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/18298\/production\/_109186989_diosa-opio.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/18298\/production\/_109186989_diosa-opio.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/18298\/production\/_109186989_diosa-opio.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/18298\/production\/_109186989_diosa-opio.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"eehpdyc0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1enwo3v0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/18298\/production\/_109186989_diosa-opio.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" alt=\"'A deusa da papoula'\" width=\"976\" height=\"800\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">Escultura feminina descoberta na ilha de Creta, chamada de &#8216;a deusa da papoula&#8217;, devido aos ornamentos na cabe\u00e7a \u2014 acredita-se se tratar de uma deusa minoica<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Os arque\u00f3logos descobriram que, j\u00e1 em 1600 a.C., eram fabricados pequenos frascos na forma de &#8220;c\u00e1psulas&#8221; de papoula, a esfera volumosa que fica sob as p\u00e9talas da flor que produz o \u00f3pio. O formato dessas c\u00e1psulas artificiais tornava razo\u00e1vel supor para que eram usadas, mas at\u00e9 recentemente era imposs\u00edvel ter certeza.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Em 2018, a revista cient\u00edfica Science divulgou que o uso de novas t\u00e9cnicas para analisar os res\u00edduos das c\u00e1psulas encontradas em escava\u00e7\u00f5es revelou que o material de origem vegetal continha n\u00e3o apenas \u00f3pio \u2014 mas, \u00e0s vezes, outras subst\u00e2ncias psicoativas.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Esses frascos e c\u00e1psulas foram encontrados em toda regi\u00e3o do Levante, do Egito e Oriente M\u00e9dio. A uniformidade dos recipientes sugere que faziam parte de um sistema organizado de fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o e distribui\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h2 id=\"A-planta-feliz\" class=\"bbc-l3e97o e14hemmw0\" tabindex=\"-1\">A planta feliz<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Mesmo antes, o \u00f3pio era cultivado na Mesopot\u00e2mia. Alguns pesquisadores n\u00e3o duvidam que os ass\u00edrios estavam cientes das propriedades da planta.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">De fato, o nome ass\u00edrio da papoula pode ser lido (dependendo de como as tabuletas cuneiformes que a mencionam s\u00e3o interpretadas) como\u00a0<i class=\"bbc-h1y5j7 ewc4zcb0\">Hul Gil,<\/i>\u00a0que significa &#8216;planta feliz&#8217;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Tamb\u00e9m foram encontrados jarros contendo res\u00edduos de \u00f3pio nas tumbas eg\u00edpcias, o que n\u00e3o \u00e9 surpreendente, uma vez que a papoula foi amplamente cultivada no Egito.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Na era cl\u00e1ssica, o extrato da planta era conhecido como &#8216;<i class=\"bbc-h1y5j7 ewc4zcb0\">Opium Thebiacum&#8217;<\/i>, proveniente da cidade do Egito \u00e0 qual os gregos deram o nome de Tebas. Outra vers\u00e3o era chamada de\u00a0<i class=\"bbc-h1y5j7 ewc4zcb0\">&#8216;Opium Cyrenaicum&#8217;<\/i>, uma varia\u00e7\u00e3o ligeiramente diferente da planta, cultivada mais a oeste, na L\u00edbia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h2 id=\"Po\u00e7\u00f5es-sutis-e-excelentes\" class=\"bbc-l3e97o e14hemmw0\" tabindex=\"-1\">&#8216;Po\u00e7\u00f5es sutis e excelentes&#8217;<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">H\u00e1 uma passagem muito sugestiva na\u00a0<i class=\"bbc-h1y5j7 ewc4zcb0\">Odisseia<\/i>, de Homero, em que Helena de Troia mistura uma droga no vinho que afasta as mem\u00f3rias tristes, a dor e a raiva. &#8220;Quem a tomava, naquele dia seria incapaz de derramar l\u00e1grimas, mesmo que lhe morresse o pai ou a m\u00e3e, mesmo que lhe matassem um irm\u00e3o ou um filho diante de seus pr\u00f3prios olhos.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e6bmn90\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y e1whu0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1enwo3v1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/4E00\/production\/_109186991_gettyimages-520718335.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/4E00\/production\/_109186991_gettyimages-520718335.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/4E00\/production\/_109186991_gettyimages-520718335.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/4E00\/production\/_109186991_gettyimages-520718335.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/4E00\/production\/_109186991_gettyimages-520718335.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/4E00\/production\/_109186991_gettyimages-520718335.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/4E00\/production\/_109186991_gettyimages-520718335.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/4E00\/production\/_109186991_gettyimages-520718335.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/4E00\/production\/_109186991_gettyimages-520718335.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/4E00\/production\/_109186991_gettyimages-520718335.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"eehpdyc0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1enwo3v0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/4E00\/production\/_109186991_gettyimages-520718335.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" alt=\"'Os Amores de Paris e Helena', de Jacques Louis David (1748-1825)\" width=\"976\" height=\"549\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-1t9zlwf eede9f50\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8216;Os Amores de Paris e Helena&#8217;, de Jacques Louis David (1748-1825)<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Helena, disse Homero, tinha essas &#8220;po\u00e7\u00f5es sutis e excelentes&#8221; pois havia ganhado de Polidamna, esposa de Tom, uma mulher proveniente do Egito, &#8220;cuja terra, f\u00e9rtil em trigo, produzia in\u00fameras drogas, muitas, quando misturadas, eficazes para a cura e muitas para a morte.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">O nome Tom \u00e9 significativo, uma vez que os eg\u00edpcios acreditavam que o deus chamado Thoth havia ensinado \u00e0 humanidade o uso do \u00f3pio, de acordo com Galeno, fil\u00f3sofo e m\u00e9dico da Gr\u00e9cia Antiga.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h2 id=\"Sonho-eterno\" class=\"bbc-l3e97o e14hemmw0\" tabindex=\"-1\">Sonho eterno<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">J\u00e1 Diosc\u00f3rides \u2014 m\u00e9dico, farmac\u00eautico e bot\u00e2nico da antiga Gr\u00e9cia, autor do livro\u00a0<i class=\"bbc-h1y5j7 ewc4zcb0\">De Materia Medica<\/i>\u00a0(uma enciclop\u00e9dia da fitoterapia) \u2014 descreveu a t\u00e9cnica de colheita:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Aqueles que produzem \u00f3pio devem esperar at\u00e9 o orvalho secar para cortar levemente com uma faca ao redor da parte superior da planta. E tomar cuidado para n\u00e3o cortar o interior.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Na parte externa da c\u00e1psula, fa\u00e7a um corte para baixo. Quando o l\u00edquido sair, use o dedo para coloc\u00e1-lo em uma colher. Ao retornar mais tarde, \u00e9 poss\u00edvel colher mais res\u00edduos ap\u00f3s engrossar e ainda mais no dia seguinte.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e6bmn90\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y e1whu0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1enwo3v1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/7510\/production\/_109186992_poppy-leche.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/7510\/production\/_109186992_poppy-leche.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/7510\/production\/_109186992_poppy-leche.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/7510\/production\/_109186992_poppy-leche.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/7510\/production\/_109186992_poppy-leche.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/7510\/production\/_109186992_poppy-leche.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/7510\/production\/_109186992_poppy-leche.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/7510\/production\/_109186992_poppy-leche.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/7510\/production\/_109186992_poppy-leche.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/7510\/production\/_109186992_poppy-leche.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"eehpdyc0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1enwo3v0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/7510\/production\/_109186992_poppy-leche.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" alt=\"O l\u00e1tex que sai da papoula quando \u00e9 cortada\" width=\"976\" height=\"549\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-1t9zlwf eede9f50\" dir=\"ltr\">O termo &#8216;\u00f3pio&#8217; deriva do grego &#8216;oppion&#8217;, que significa &#8216;suco&#8217;, uma refer\u00eancia ao l\u00e1tex que sai quando se corta a papoula<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Diosc\u00f3rides tamb\u00e9m alerta sobre a overdose. &#8220;Mata&#8221;, diz ele sem rodeios.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Na verdade, muitos romanos compravam \u00f3pio exatamente por esse motivo. O suic\u00eddio n\u00e3o era pecado no mundo romano, e muitas pessoas que sofriam com doen\u00e7as e a velhice optavam por tirar a pr\u00f3pria vida com uma onda suave de \u00f3pio.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">N\u00e3o \u00e9 muito prov\u00e1vel que seja coincid\u00eancia que as divindades gregas Hipnos \u2014 deus do sono \u2014 e T\u00e2natos \u2014 seu irm\u00e3o g\u00eameo, o deus da morte sem viol\u00eancia \u2014 sejam representadas com coroas ou ramos de papoulas.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e6bmn90\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y e1whu0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1enwo3v1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/9C20\/production\/_109186993_hypnos.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/9C20\/production\/_109186993_hypnos.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/9C20\/production\/_109186993_hypnos.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/9C20\/production\/_109186993_hypnos.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/9C20\/production\/_109186993_hypnos.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/9C20\/production\/_109186993_hypnos.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/9C20\/production\/_109186993_hypnos.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/9C20\/production\/_109186993_hypnos.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/9C20\/production\/_109186993_hypnos.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/9C20\/production\/_109186993_hypnos.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"eehpdyc0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1enwo3v0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/9C20\/production\/_109186993_hypnos.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" alt=\"Hipnos dormindo\" width=\"976\" height=\"549\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-1t9zlwf eede9f50\" dir=\"ltr\">Observe o que Hipnos, deus do sono, tem na m\u00e3o<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">O \u00f3pio era um son\u00edfero comum, ao mesmo tempo em que o fil\u00f3sofo grego Teofrasto dizia: &#8220;do sumo da papoula e da cicuta vem a morte f\u00e1cil e indolor&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h2 id=\"Em-tablete\" class=\"bbc-l3e97o e14hemmw0\" tabindex=\"-1\">Em tablete<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Os romanos tomavam uma esp\u00e9cie de vinho \u00e0 base de \u00f3pio para combater a ins\u00f4nia e\u00a0<i class=\"bbc-h1y5j7 ewc4zcb0\">&#8216;m\u00eakonion&#8217;<\/i>, uma bebida de folhas de papoula, que era menos potente.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">O \u00f3pio podia ser comprado na forma de pequenos tabletes em postos especializados na maioria dos mercados. Na cidade de Roma, Galeno recomendava um varejista localizado a poucos passos da Via Sacra, perto do F\u00f3rum Romano.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e6bmn90\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y e1whu0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1enwo3v1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/C330\/production\/_109186994_poppy-sola.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/C330\/production\/_109186994_poppy-sola.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/C330\/production\/_109186994_poppy-sola.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/C330\/production\/_109186994_poppy-sola.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/C330\/production\/_109186994_poppy-sola.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/C330\/production\/_109186994_poppy-sola.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/C330\/production\/_109186994_poppy-sola.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/C330\/production\/_109186994_poppy-sola.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/C330\/production\/_109186994_poppy-sola.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/C330\/production\/_109186994_poppy-sola.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"eehpdyc0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1enwo3v0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/C330\/production\/_109186994_poppy-sola.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" alt=\"Papoula\" width=\"976\" height=\"549\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-1t9zlwf eede9f50\" dir=\"ltr\">Papoula: muito al\u00e9m do que uma linda flor<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Na pr\u00f3spera C\u00e1pua, os vendedores de drogas ocupavam uma \u00e1rea conhecida como Seplasia \u2014 mais tarde, &#8220;seplasia&#8221; se tornou um termo gen\u00e9rico para drogas, perfumes e cremes que alteravam a mente.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">C\u00edcero, fil\u00f3sofo romano, faz uma refer\u00eancia ir\u00f4nica a esse fato ao comentar sobre dois dignat\u00e1rios: &#8220;Eles n\u00e3o mostraram a modera\u00e7\u00e3o geralmente consistente com nossos c\u00f4nsules&#8230; seu andar e comportamento eram dignos da Seplasia&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h2 id=\"F\u00e1bricas-de-drogas-\" class=\"bbc-l3e97o e14hemmw0\" tabindex=\"-1\">F\u00e1bricas de drogas<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">A cannabis tem uma hist\u00f3ria ainda mais antiga que o \u00f3pio. Chegou \u00e0 Europa antes mesmo de come\u00e7arem seus primeiros registros, junto com o misterioso povo Yamna, proveniente da \u00c1sia Central. No norte e centro da Europa, a planta est\u00e1 presente h\u00e1 mais de 5 mil anos.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Sem d\u00favida, era apreciada por seu uso na fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o de cordas e tecidos \u2014 mas foram encontrados braseiros contendo cannabis carbonizada, o que mostra que aspectos menos pr\u00e1ticos da planta tamb\u00e9m foram explorados.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ek1plzs1 bbc-9m7iam e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e6bmn90\">\n<div class=\"bbc-vx18wi e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-vx18wi e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-rprdln e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y e1whu0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1enwo3v1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/E1B2\/production\/_109187775_marihuana-botanica.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/E1B2\/production\/_109187775_marihuana-botanica.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/E1B2\/production\/_109187775_marihuana-botanica.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/E1B2\/production\/_109187775_marihuana-botanica.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/E1B2\/production\/_109187775_marihuana-botanica.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/E1B2\/production\/_109187775_marihuana-botanica.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/E1B2\/production\/_109187775_marihuana-botanica.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/E1B2\/production\/_109187775_marihuana-botanica.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/E1B2\/production\/_109187775_marihuana-botanica.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/E1B2\/production\/_109187775_marihuana-botanica.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"eehpdyc0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1enwo3v0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/E1B2\/production\/_109187775_marihuana-botanica.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" alt=\"Cannabis\" width=\"976\" height=\"1299\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-1t9zlwf eede9f50\" dir=\"ltr\">Uma planta com m\u00faltiplos usos e uma longa hist\u00f3ria.<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-vx18wi e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Sabe-se que os chineses cultivavam uma cannabis significativamente mais forte que a planta selvagem h\u00e1 pelo menos 2,5 mil anos \u2014 e tanto o produto quanto o conhecimento de como produzi-lo teriam percorrido a Rota da Seda.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Na cidade de Ebla, localizada onde hoje \u00e9 a S\u00edria, os arque\u00f3logos descobriram o que parece ter sido uma grande cozinha n\u00e3o muito longe do pal\u00e1cio da cidade, com oito fog\u00f5es e panelas com capacidade para at\u00e9 70 litros.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Mas n\u00e3o havia vest\u00edgios de restos de comida, como costuma acontecer em cozinhas antigas.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">A an\u00e1lise dos recipientes encontrados deixa poucas d\u00favidas de que o local era utilizado apenas para a fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o de produtos farmac\u00eauticos psicotr\u00f3picos.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e6bmn90\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y e1whu0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1enwo3v1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/108C2\/production\/_109187776_ebla_-_decarch_-_2-126.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/108C2\/production\/_109187776_ebla_-_decarch_-_2-126.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/108C2\/production\/_109187776_ebla_-_decarch_-_2-126.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/108C2\/production\/_109187776_ebla_-_decarch_-_2-126.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/108C2\/production\/_109187776_ebla_-_decarch_-_2-126.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/108C2\/production\/_109187776_ebla_-_decarch_-_2-126.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/108C2\/production\/_109187776_ebla_-_decarch_-_2-126.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/108C2\/production\/_109187776_ebla_-_decarch_-_2-126.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/108C2\/production\/_109187776_ebla_-_decarch_-_2-126.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/108C2\/production\/_109187776_ebla_-_decarch_-_2-126.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"eehpdyc0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1enwo3v0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/108C2\/production\/_109187776_ebla_-_decarch_-_2-126.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" alt=\"Ru\u00ednas de um dos pal\u00e1cios\" width=\"976\" height=\"651\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-1t9zlwf eede9f50\" dir=\"ltr\">Ebla foi um dos primeiros reinos da S\u00edria, estabelecido pela primeira vez por volta de 3.500 a.C.<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Em outras palavras, o mundo antigo possu\u00eda f\u00e1bricas de drogas em larga escala h\u00e1 3 mil anos.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h2 id=\"Algumas-men\u00e7\u00f5es\" class=\"bbc-l3e97o e14hemmw0\" tabindex=\"-1\">Algumas men\u00e7\u00f5es<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Diosc\u00f3rides estava familiarizado com a maconha e relatou que o uso excessivo tendia a sabotar a vida sexual do usu\u00e1rio, a ponto de recomendar o uso da droga para reduzir o desejo sexual em indiv\u00edduos ou em situa\u00e7\u00f5es em que esses impulsos poderiam ser considerados inadequados.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">O fil\u00f3sofo romano Pl\u00ednio, o Velho, tamb\u00e9m fala sobre a &#8220;erva do riso&#8221;, que ele diz ser &#8220;intoxicante&#8221; quando adicionada ao vinho, ao enumerar as propriedades de muitas plantas em seu livro\u00a0<i class=\"bbc-h1y5j7 ewc4zcb0\">Hist\u00f3ria Natural<\/i>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Galeno descreve, por sua vez, como a maconha era usada em reuni\u00f5es sociais para ajudar a trazer &#8220;alegria e riso&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Meio mil\u00eanio antes, o historiador grego Her\u00f3doto havia escrito sobre algo semelhante.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h2 id=\"Por-que-n\u00e3o-aparecem-nos-textos\" class=\"bbc-l3e97o e14hemmw0\" tabindex=\"-1\">Por que n\u00e3o aparecem nos textos?<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Parece que os citas, que viviam perto do Mar Negro, combinavam neg\u00f3cios com prazer.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e6bmn90\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y e1whu0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1enwo3v1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/12FD2\/production\/_109187777_marihuana.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/12FD2\/production\/_109187777_marihuana.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/12FD2\/production\/_109187777_marihuana.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/12FD2\/production\/_109187777_marihuana.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/12FD2\/production\/_109187777_marihuana.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/12FD2\/production\/_109187777_marihuana.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/12FD2\/production\/_109187777_marihuana.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/12FD2\/production\/_109187777_marihuana.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/12FD2\/production\/_109187777_marihuana.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/12FD2\/production\/_109187777_marihuana.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"eehpdyc0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1enwo3v0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/12FD2\/production\/_109187777_marihuana.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" alt=\"Folha de maconha\" width=\"976\" height=\"503\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-1t9zlwf eede9f50\" dir=\"ltr\">A &#8216;erva do riso&#8217; levava alegria, mas, ao que tudo indica, tamb\u00e9m prejudicava a vida sexual se usada em excesso<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-zvnee0 e1g83ivl6\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<section class=\"e1g83ivl5 bbc-gua01y e9f921a0\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"podcast-promo\">\n<div class=\"bbc-bjn8wh emhm4kg2\"><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Her\u00f3doto, que foi um antrop\u00f3logo extraordinariamente competente, assim como o primeiro historiador do mundo, comenta que eles faziam roupas de c\u00e2nhamo t\u00e3o finas que era imposs\u00edvel diferenci\u00e1-las das feitas com linho.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Depois, os citas pegam as sementes de cannabis e jogam sobre pedras quentes, onde [queimam] e levantam fuma\u00e7a&#8221;, escreveu Her\u00f3doto.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Armam uma tenda e ficam embaixo dela, enquanto a fuma\u00e7a emergia t\u00e3o densamente que nenhum banho de vapor grego seria capaz de produzir mais. Os citas uivavam de alegria em seu banho de vapor&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Essa \u00e9 uma t\u00edpica passagem sobre o uso de drogas no mundo antigo.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Her\u00f3doto era realmente t\u00e3o ing\u00eanuo que n\u00e3o reconheceu a influ\u00eancia da droga? Ou seria um tabu discutir sobre o tema \u2014 no mundo cl\u00e1ssico ou nos mosteiros, onde os textos antigos eram copiados e preservados?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Parece estranho que, embora as descobertas arqueol\u00f3gicas sugiram que o uso recreativo de drogas estava longe de ser incomum na Antiguidade, as refer\u00eancias a essa pr\u00e1tica tendam a ser escassas em n\u00famero e conte\u00fado.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">\u00c9 dif\u00edcil de encontrar, inclusive, refer\u00eancias ao uso medicinal da cannabis em textos antigos.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Mas agora os arque\u00f3logos sabem o que procurar.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Por exemplo, uma tumba romana do s\u00e9culo 4 d.C. de uma menina de 14 anos que morreu ao dar \u00e0 luz foi encontrada na d\u00e9cada 1990, perto da cidade de Beit Shemesh (pr\u00f3ximo a Jerusal\u00e9m).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Acreditava-se que uma subst\u00e2ncia achada na \u00e1rea abdominal do esqueleto fosse incenso, at\u00e9 que an\u00e1lises cient\u00edficas revelaram se tratar de tetra-hidrocanabinol (THC), um componente da cannabis. Parece prov\u00e1vel que a droga tenha sido usada para aliviar a dor do parto e, finalmente, para ajud\u00e1-la a morrer.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Quando se trata de drogas no mundo antigo, precisamos ler nas entrelinhas, como \u00e9 o caso de grande parte da hist\u00f3ria.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-sffzb7 e8v25yx0\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e6bmn90\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y e1whu0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1enwo3v1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/11C71\/production\/_109171827_linea-multicolor-divisoria-.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/11C71\/production\/_109171827_linea-multicolor-divisoria-.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/11C71\/production\/_109171827_linea-multicolor-divisoria-.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/11C71\/production\/_109171827_linea-multicolor-divisoria-.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/11C71\/production\/_109171827_linea-multicolor-divisoria-.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/11C71\/production\/_109171827_linea-multicolor-divisoria-.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/11C71\/production\/_109171827_linea-multicolor-divisoria-.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/11C71\/production\/_109171827_linea-multicolor-divisoria-.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/11C71\/production\/_109171827_linea-multicolor-divisoria-.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/11C71\/production\/_109171827_linea-multicolor-divisoria-.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"eehpdyc0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1enwo3v0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/11C71\/production\/_109171827_linea-multicolor-divisoria-.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" alt=\"l\u00ednea divisoria colorida\" width=\"976\" height=\"70\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h2 id=\"Outras-seis-maneiras-como-os-povos-antigos-alteravam-a-realidade\" class=\"bbc-l3e97o e14hemmw0\" tabindex=\"-1\">Outras seis maneiras como os povos antigos alteravam a realidade<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\"><b>Cravagem ou Espor\u00e3o do centeio<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Conhecido desde o ano 600 a.C., n\u00e3o era consumido voluntariamente. O fungo era comum no centeio e, \u00e0s vezes, encontrado em outros cereais. Causava del\u00edrio, alucina\u00e7\u00f5es e, frequentemente, a morte.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\"><b>L\u00f3tus azul<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Foi imortalizada no livro\u00a0<i class=\"bbc-h1y5j7 ewc4zcb0\">Odisseia<\/i>, de Homero, em que Ulisses deve levar sua tripula\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 &#8220;terra dos comedores de l\u00f3tus&#8221;. O alcaloide psicoativo da flor de l\u00f3tus azul causa leve euforia e tranquilidade, combinadas com um aumento da libido.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\"><b>Mel<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">O mel das flores de rododendro cont\u00e9m neurotoxinas que causam altera\u00e7\u00e3o da consci\u00eancia, del\u00edrio e n\u00e1useas. Era consumido recreativamente na antiga Anat\u00f3lia e ocasionalmente por apicultores descuidados em outros lugares.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\"><b>Meimendro-negro<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Pl\u00ednio descreveu os efeitos desta planta como semelhante \u00e0 embriaguez, quando inalada como fuma\u00e7a ou ingerida. Em geral, era usada como parte de um coquetel alucin\u00f3geno para fins m\u00e1gicos ou medicinais.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\"><b>Beladona<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Poetas como Ov\u00eddio indicam que as bruxas usavam beladona em feiti\u00e7os e po\u00e7\u00f5es. Embora o resultado mais comum ap\u00f3s o consumo seja a morte, doses cuidadosamente calculadas podem provocar alucina\u00e7\u00f5es que duram dias.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\"><b>Peixe dos sonhos<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Origin\u00e1rio do Mediterr\u00e2neo, o\u00a0<i class=\"bbc-h1y5j7 ewc4zcb0\">Sarpa salpa<\/i>, tamb\u00e9m chamado de peixe dos sonhos, \u00e9 uma esp\u00e9cie de peixe capaz de causar alucina\u00e7\u00f5es v\u00edvidas, e \u00e9 poss\u00edvel que tenha sido consumido na Roma antiga.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><i class=\"bbc-h1y5j7 ewc4zcb0\">*\u00a0<\/i><i class=\"bbc-h1y5j7 ewc4zcb0\">Philip Matyszak tem doutorado em hist\u00f3ria romana pela Universidade de Oxford, no Reino Unido, e \u00e9 autor de v\u00e1rios livros sobre civiliza\u00e7\u00e3o cl\u00e1ssica.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As refer\u00eancias ao\u00a0consumo de drogas\u00a0na Antiguidade s\u00e3o escassas e isoladas. Quando aparecem, as drogas s\u00e3o mencionadas quase por acaso \u2014 e se concentram em aspectos medicinais e religiosos, deixando de lado qualquer alus\u00e3o ao uso recreativo.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":377133,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[3,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-377132","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultura","category-municipios"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/drogas-antigamente.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/377132","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=377132"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/377132\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/377133"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=377132"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=377132"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=377132"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}