{"id":383660,"date":"2022-03-20T11:00:57","date_gmt":"2022-03-20T14:00:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/?p=383660"},"modified":"2022-03-21T09:25:32","modified_gmt":"2022-03-21T12:25:32","slug":"por-que-a-guerra-as-cartas-que-einstein-e-freud-trocaram-ha-90-anos","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/por-que-a-guerra-as-cartas-que-einstein-e-freud-trocaram-ha-90-anos\/","title":{"rendered":"&#8216;Por que a guerra?&#8217;: as cartas que Einstein e Freud trocaram h\u00e1 90 anos\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"bbc-1151pbn e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<h1 id=\"content\" class=\"bbc-1lsgtu3 e1yj3cbb0\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"e1j2237y5 bbc-q4ibpr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div class=\"bbc-1atl7vu e1c9i7u14\">\n<p>Reda\u00e7\u00e3o<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"e1j2237y6 bbc-q4ibpr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e6bmn90\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y e1whu0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1enwo3v1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/15CFF\/production\/_123634398_newproject-3.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/15CFF\/production\/_123634398_newproject-3.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/15CFF\/production\/_123634398_newproject-3.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/15CFF\/production\/_123634398_newproject-3.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/15CFF\/production\/_123634398_newproject-3.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/15CFF\/production\/_123634398_newproject-3.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/15CFF\/production\/_123634398_newproject-3.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/15CFF\/production\/_123634398_newproject-3.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/15CFF\/production\/_123634398_newproject-3.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/15CFF\/production\/_123634398_newproject-3.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"eehpdyc0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1enwo3v0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/15CFF\/production\/_123634398_newproject-3.jpg\" alt=\"Einstein e Freud\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" \/><\/picture>\n<p class=\"bbc-1s1cxbv etq3yw90\" role=\"text\"><span class=\"bbc-1gnhmg2 e1yt7oin0\">CR\u00c9DITO,<\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">GETTY IMAGES<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\"><b>Albert Einstein, o pai da f\u00edsica moderna, e Sigmund Freud, o pai da psican\u00e1lise, se conheceram na casa do filho deste \u00faltimo em Berlim em 1927.<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Ele \u00e9 alegre, confiante e gentil, e entende tanto de psicologia quanto eu de f\u00edsica, ent\u00e3o tivemos uma conversa muito agrad\u00e1vel&#8221;, comentou Freud.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"e1gggypo0 bbc-oa9drk e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Foi a \u00fanica vez que se viram pessoalmente, mas mantiveram uma amizade por correspond\u00eancia, \u00e0s vezes obscurecida pela amargura de Freud.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;O sortudo [Einstein] teve uma vida muito melhor do que eu. Contou com o apoio de uma longa s\u00e9rie de predecessores, de Newton em diante, enquanto eu tive que abrir meu pr\u00f3prio caminho por uma selva emaranhada&#8221;, escreveu ele \u00e0 princesa Maria Bonaparte.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Tamb\u00e9m ressentia sua &#8220;juventude e energia que permitem a ele apoiar tantas causas com tanto vigor&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Ele mesmo confessou a Einstein &#8220;a inveja que n\u00e3o tenho medo de possuir&#8221;, desculpando-se pelo fato de que, como f\u00edsico, Einstein gozava do status de autoridade em seu campo, enquanto ele, como psic\u00f3logo, tinha que aceitar que at\u00e9 os ignorantes se atreviam a opinar sobre sua obra.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Um desses ignorantes foi o pr\u00f3prio Einstein, que \u2014 quando foi procurado \u2014 se recusou a apoiar a candidatura ao Pr\u00eamio Nobel que Freud tanto ansiava.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Apesar de minha admira\u00e7\u00e3o pelas realiza\u00e7\u00f5es engenhosas de Freud, hesito em intervir neste caso. N\u00e3o consegui me convencer da validade da teoria de Freud&#8221;, respondeu o lend\u00e1rio f\u00edsico em 1928.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">A opini\u00e3o de Einstein sobre a psican\u00e1lise melhoraria mais tarde, e ele comunicou isso a Freud quando o parabenizou por seu 80\u00ba anivers\u00e1rio.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Devo dizer a voc\u00ea como fiquei feliz ao saber de sua mudan\u00e7a de opini\u00e3o&#8221;, escreveu Freud.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;\u00c9 claro que sempre soube que voc\u00ea me &#8216;admirava&#8217; apenas por cortesia e dava muito pouco valor a qualquer uma de minhas doutrinas. &#8220;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h2 id=\"A-miss\u00e3o\" class=\"bbc-l3e97o e14hemmw0\" tabindex=\"-1\">A miss\u00e3o<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">A impress\u00e3o de Freud parecia desatinada \u00e0 luz do entusiasmo com que Einstein o havia escolhido alguns anos antes como seu correspondente, quando o Instituto de Coopera\u00e7\u00e3o Intelectual convidou o renomado f\u00edsico para uma troca interdisciplinar de ideias sobre pol\u00edtica e paz com um pensador de sua escolha.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e6bmn90\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y e1whu0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1enwo3v1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/4FDB\/production\/_123634402_gettyimages-1134492027.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/4FDB\/production\/_123634402_gettyimages-1134492027.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/4FDB\/production\/_123634402_gettyimages-1134492027.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/4FDB\/production\/_123634402_gettyimages-1134492027.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/4FDB\/production\/_123634402_gettyimages-1134492027.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/4FDB\/production\/_123634402_gettyimages-1134492027.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/4FDB\/production\/_123634402_gettyimages-1134492027.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/4FDB\/production\/_123634402_gettyimages-1134492027.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/4FDB\/production\/_123634402_gettyimages-1134492027.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/4FDB\/production\/_123634402_gettyimages-1134492027.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"eehpdyc0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1enwo3v0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/4FDB\/production\/_123634402_gettyimages-1134492027.jpg\" alt=\"Mural de Eduardo Kobra baseado em foto de 1933\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-rhuvwm eede9f50\" dir=\"ltr\">Einstein n\u00e3o guardava ressentimentos<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Admiro muito sua paix\u00e3o por averiguar a verdade, uma paix\u00e3o que passou a dominar tudo o mais em sua forma de pensar&#8221;, escreveu Einstein a Freud em 1931.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">A miss\u00e3o deles era entender o incompreens\u00edvel: por que a guerra?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Mas por que esta miss\u00e3o?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Com as feridas da Primeira Guerra Mundial ainda abertas e as economias em todo o mundo em decl\u00ednio acentuado, as tens\u00f5es sociais haviam se agravado e o totalitarismo se enraizado.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">A amea\u00e7a \u00e0 paz mundial era palp\u00e1vel.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ek1plzs1 bbc-9m7iam e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e6bmn90\">\n<div class=\"bbc-vx18wi e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-vx18wi e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-rprdln e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y e1whu0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1enwo3v1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/9DFB\/production\/_123634404_gettyimages-544178806-1.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/9DFB\/production\/_123634404_gettyimages-544178806-1.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/9DFB\/production\/_123634404_gettyimages-544178806-1.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/9DFB\/production\/_123634404_gettyimages-544178806-1.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/9DFB\/production\/_123634404_gettyimages-544178806-1.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/9DFB\/production\/_123634404_gettyimages-544178806-1.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/9DFB\/production\/_123634404_gettyimages-544178806-1.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/9DFB\/production\/_123634404_gettyimages-544178806-1.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/9DFB\/production\/_123634404_gettyimages-544178806-1.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/9DFB\/production\/_123634404_gettyimages-544178806-1.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"eehpdyc0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1enwo3v0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/9DFB\/production\/_123634404_gettyimages-544178806-1.jpg\" alt=\"Cartaz da campanha eleitoral de Hitler 1932\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1026\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-rhuvwm eede9f50\" dir=\"ltr\">Eles nem sequer imaginavam o que estava prestes a acontecer<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-vx18wi e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">\u00c9 por isso que a Liga das Na\u00e7\u00f5es recorreu a um dos cientistas mais influentes do mundo e pacifista perp\u00e9tuo para pedir a ele que explorasse como a paz mundial poderia ser alcan\u00e7ada \u2014 e ele, por sua vez, convidou um dos maiores estudiosos da vida interior dos seres humanos.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Suas cartas foram publicadas em mar\u00e7o de 1933 em Paris, simultaneamente em franc\u00eas, ingl\u00eas e alem\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Na Alemanha, o Partido Nacional Socialista proibiu sua divulga\u00e7\u00e3o; surpreendentemente, Adolf Hitler, que acabaria levando tanto Einstein quanto Freud ao ex\u00edlio, j\u00e1 havia chegado ao poder.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h2 id=\"L\u00edderes-sem-poder\" class=\"bbc-l3e97o e14hemmw0\" tabindex=\"-1\">L\u00edderes sem poder<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Em sua carta, datada de 29 de abril de 1931, Einstein come\u00e7ou se referindo \u00e0 &#8220;profunda devo\u00e7\u00e3o&#8221; de Freud &#8220;pelo grande objetivo da liberta\u00e7\u00e3o interna e externa do homem dos males da guerra&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e6bmn90\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y e1whu0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1enwo3v1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/EC1B\/production\/_123634406_gettyimages-968253848-1.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/EC1B\/production\/_123634406_gettyimages-968253848-1.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/EC1B\/production\/_123634406_gettyimages-968253848-1.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/EC1B\/production\/_123634406_gettyimages-968253848-1.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/EC1B\/production\/_123634406_gettyimages-968253848-1.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/EC1B\/production\/_123634406_gettyimages-968253848-1.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/EC1B\/production\/_123634406_gettyimages-968253848-1.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/EC1B\/production\/_123634406_gettyimages-968253848-1.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/EC1B\/production\/_123634406_gettyimages-968253848-1.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/EC1B\/production\/_123634406_gettyimages-968253848-1.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"eehpdyc0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1enwo3v0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/EC1B\/production\/_123634406_gettyimages-968253848-1.jpg\" alt=\"Mural com Freud cuidando de um paciente no M\u00e9xico\" width=\"1024\" height=\"594\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-rhuvwm eede9f50\" dir=\"ltr\">Para Einstein, os conhecimentos de Freud eram valiosos na busca de uma solu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-zvnee0 e1g83ivl6\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<section class=\"e1g83ivl5 bbc-gua01y e9f921a0\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"podcast-promo\">\n<div class=\"bbc-bjn8wh emhm4kg2\"><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Esta era a profunda esperan\u00e7a de todos aqueles que foram reverenciados como l\u00edderes morais e espirituais al\u00e9m dos limites de seu pr\u00f3prio tempo e pa\u00eds, de Jesus a Goethe e Kant.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Estou convencido de que quase todos os grandes homens que, por suas realiza\u00e7\u00f5es, s\u00e3o reconhecidos como l\u00edderes (&#8230;) compartilham os mesmos ideais. Mas t\u00eam pouca influ\u00eancia no curso dos acontecimentos pol\u00edticos. Parece que praticamente o pr\u00f3prio dom\u00ednio da atividade humana mais crucial para o destino das na\u00e7\u00f5es est\u00e1 inevitavelmente nas m\u00e3os de governantes pol\u00edticos totalmente irrespons\u00e1veis.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Ele prosseguiu argumentando que o \u00fanico caminho positivo a seguir \u00e9 por meio do estabelecimento de &#8220;uma associa\u00e7\u00e3o livre de homens cujo trabalho e conquistas pr\u00e9vias oferecem uma garantia de sua capacidade e integridade&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">E reconheceu que, &#8220;em vista das imperfei\u00e7\u00f5es da natureza humana&#8221;, tal associa\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o estaria livre de todos os defeitos que muitas vezes levam \u00e0 degenera\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Apesar desses perigos, n\u00e3o dever\u00edamos fazer pelo menos uma tentativa de form\u00e1-la? Me parece nada menos que um dever imperativo!&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-sffzb7 e8v25yx0\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<h2 id=\"Urgente-e-envolvente\" class=\"bbc-l3e97o e14hemmw0\" tabindex=\"-1\">Urgente e envolvente<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">No ver\u00e3o seguinte, em 30 de julho de 1932, Einstein escreveu novamente a Freud, convidando-o oficialmente a participar do interc\u00e2mbio do Instituto de Coopera\u00e7\u00e3o Intelectual sobre &#8220;este problema urgente e envolvente&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ek1plzs1 bbc-9m7iam e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e6bmn90\">\n<div class=\"bbc-vx18wi e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-vx18wi e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-rprdln e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y e1whu0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1enwo3v1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/198F\/production\/_123634560_gettyimages-513666561-1.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/198F\/production\/_123634560_gettyimages-513666561-1.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/198F\/production\/_123634560_gettyimages-513666561-1.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/198F\/production\/_123634560_gettyimages-513666561-1.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/198F\/production\/_123634560_gettyimages-513666561-1.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/198F\/production\/_123634560_gettyimages-513666561-1.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/198F\/production\/_123634560_gettyimages-513666561-1.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/198F\/production\/_123634560_gettyimages-513666561-1.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/198F\/production\/_123634560_gettyimages-513666561-1.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/198F\/production\/_123634560_gettyimages-513666561-1.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"eehpdyc0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1enwo3v0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/198F\/production\/_123634560_gettyimages-513666561-1.jpg\" alt=\"'Chega de guerra!', cartaz do Partido Trabalhista Noruegu\u00eas de 1930\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1245\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-rhuvwm eede9f50\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8216;Chega de guerra!&#8217;, cartaz do Partido Trabalhista Noruegu\u00eas, 1930<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-vx18wi e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Este \u00e9 o problema: existe alguma maneira de libertar a humanidade da amea\u00e7a de guerra?&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;\u00c9 do conhecimento geral que, com o avan\u00e7o da ci\u00eancia moderna, este tema chegou a significar uma quest\u00e3o de vida ou morte para a civiliza\u00e7\u00e3o como a conhecemos; no entanto, apesar do zelo demonstrado, toda tentativa de solu\u00e7\u00e3o terminou em um fracasso lament\u00e1vel.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">O f\u00edsico explicou a ele que aqueles que se ocupam de forma profissional e pr\u00e1tica a abordar o problema estavam &#8220;conscientes de sua impot\u00eancia para enfrent\u00e1-lo&#8221; \u2014 e por isso queriam &#8220;conhecer os pontos de vista de homens que, absortos na busca da ci\u00eancia, podem ver os problemas do mundo sob a perspectiva oferecida pela dist\u00e2ncia&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">No caso dele, disse Einstein, o assunto que normalmente ocupava seus pensamentos, a f\u00edsica, &#8220;n\u00e3o permite vislumbrar os lugares obscuros da vontade e do sentimento humanos&#8221;, de modo que ele n\u00e3o podia fazer muito mais do que esclarecer a quest\u00e3o e &#8220;limpar o terreno das solu\u00e7\u00f5es mais \u00f3bvias&#8221; para que Freud pudesse ilumin\u00e1-lo com &#8220;seu amplo conhecimento da vida instintiva do homem&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h2 id=\"Utopia\" class=\"bbc-l3e97o e14hemmw0\" tabindex=\"-1\">Utopia<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Na carta, ele apresentou suas pr\u00f3prias ideias sobre o que poderia significar uma solu\u00e7\u00e3o: aquele \u00f3rg\u00e3o legislativo e judici\u00e1rio internacional, que resolveria todos os conflitos por consentimento m\u00fatuo, ao qual ele havia aludido na carta anterior.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e6bmn90\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y e1whu0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1enwo3v1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/14E27\/production\/_123634558_gettyimages-959144292.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/14E27\/production\/_123634558_gettyimages-959144292.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/14E27\/production\/_123634558_gettyimages-959144292.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/14E27\/production\/_123634558_gettyimages-959144292.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/14E27\/production\/_123634558_gettyimages-959144292.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/14E27\/production\/_123634558_gettyimages-959144292.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/14E27\/production\/_123634558_gettyimages-959144292.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/14E27\/production\/_123634558_gettyimages-959144292.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/14E27\/production\/_123634558_gettyimages-959144292.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/14E27\/production\/_123634558_gettyimages-959144292.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"eehpdyc0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1enwo3v0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/14E27\/production\/_123634558_gettyimages-959144292.jpg\" alt=\"Primeira Assembleia Geral da Liga das Na\u00e7\u00f5es, com representantes de 41 Estados, 15 de novembro de 1920\" width=\"1024\" height=\"517\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-rhuvwm eede9f50\" dir=\"ltr\">A Liga das Na\u00e7\u00f5es j\u00e1 existia, mas n\u00e3o tinha o poder necess\u00e1rio<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Claro, ele reconheceu que tal utopia enfrentaria fortes obst\u00e1culos.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Atualmente, estamos longe de ter uma organiza\u00e7\u00e3o supranacional competente para ditar veredictos de autoridade incontest\u00e1vel e obrigar a submiss\u00e3o absoluta \u00e0 execu\u00e7\u00e3o de seus veredictos.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Portanto, chego ao meu primeiro axioma: a busca da seguran\u00e7a internacional implica na entrega incondicional por parte de cada na\u00e7\u00e3o, em certa medida, de sua liberdade de a\u00e7\u00e3o, ou seja, de sua soberania, e \u00e9 claro, sem sombra de d\u00favida, que nenhum outro caminho pode levar a tal seguran\u00e7a.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;O desejo de poder que caracteriza a classe dominante em todas as na\u00e7\u00f5es \u00e9 hostil a qualquer limita\u00e7\u00e3o da soberania nacional.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Mas h\u00e1 algo mais: &#8220;Essa sede de poder pol\u00edtico \u00e9 muitas vezes apoiada pelas atividades de outro grupo, cujas aspira\u00e7\u00f5es est\u00e3o em diretrizes econ\u00f4micas puramente mercen\u00e1rias&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Penso especialmente nesse grupo pequeno mas determinado, ativo em todas as na\u00e7\u00f5es, composto por indiv\u00edduos que, indiferentes \u00e0s considera\u00e7\u00f5es e restri\u00e7\u00f5es sociais, consideram a guerra, a fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o e a venda de armas simplesmente como uma ocasi\u00e3o para promover seus interesses pessoais e ampliar sua autoridade.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ek1plzs1 bbc-9m7iam e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e6bmn90\">\n<div class=\"bbc-vx18wi e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-vx18wi e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-rprdln e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y e1whu0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1enwo3v1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/156BF\/production\/_123634778_gettyimages-2668390-1.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/156BF\/production\/_123634778_gettyimages-2668390-1.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/156BF\/production\/_123634778_gettyimages-2668390-1.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/156BF\/production\/_123634778_gettyimages-2668390-1.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/156BF\/production\/_123634778_gettyimages-2668390-1.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/156BF\/production\/_123634778_gettyimages-2668390-1.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/156BF\/production\/_123634778_gettyimages-2668390-1.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/156BF\/production\/_123634778_gettyimages-2668390-1.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/156BF\/production\/_123634778_gettyimages-2668390-1.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/156BF\/production\/_123634778_gettyimages-2668390-1.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"eehpdyc0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1enwo3v0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/156BF\/production\/_123634778_gettyimages-2668390-1.jpg\" alt=\"Einstein com uma multid\u00e3o de imigrantes em um mural na The Roosevelt Public School, Roosevelt, Nova Jersey - mural do artista Ben Shahn\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1290\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-rhuvwm eede9f50\" dir=\"ltr\">O nazismo faria de Einstein mais um imigrante nos EUA<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-vx18wi e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Einstein tamb\u00e9m formulou uma s\u00e9rie de perguntas para moldar a discuss\u00e3o:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Como \u00e9 poss\u00edvel que esta pequena panelinha [a classe dominante] subjugue a vontade da maioria, que pode perder e sofrer por uma guerra, a servi\u00e7o de suas ambi\u00e7\u00f5es?&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;\u00c9 poss\u00edvel controlar a evolu\u00e7\u00e3o mental do homem para torn\u00e1-lo \u00e0 prova das psicoses do \u00f3dio e da destrui\u00e7\u00e3o?&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;N\u00e3o estou pensando de forma alguma apenas nas chamadas massas incultas.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;A experi\u00eancia mostra que \u00e9 sobretudo a chamada &#8220;<i class=\"bbc-h1y5j7 ewc4zcb0\">intelligentsia<\/i>&#8221; que \u00e9 mais propensa a ceder a essas desastrosas sugest\u00f5es coletivas, j\u00e1 que o intelectual n\u00e3o tem contato direto com a vida bruta, mas a encontra em sua forma mais f\u00e1cil e sint\u00e9tica: na p\u00e1gina impressa.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Ele terminou sugerindo a Freud que sua contribui\u00e7\u00e3o &#8220;pode \u200b\u200babrir caminho para novos e frut\u00edferos modos de a\u00e7\u00e3o&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e6bmn90\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y e1whu0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1enwo3v1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/103EF\/production\/_123634566_1024px-albert_einstein_signature_1934.svg.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/103EF\/production\/_123634566_1024px-albert_einstein_signature_1934.svg.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/103EF\/production\/_123634566_1024px-albert_einstein_signature_1934.svg.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/103EF\/production\/_123634566_1024px-albert_einstein_signature_1934.svg.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/103EF\/production\/_123634566_1024px-albert_einstein_signature_1934.svg.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/103EF\/production\/_123634566_1024px-albert_einstein_signature_1934.svg.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/103EF\/production\/_123634566_1024px-albert_einstein_signature_1934.svg.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/103EF\/production\/_123634566_1024px-albert_einstein_signature_1934.svg.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/103EF\/production\/_123634566_1024px-albert_einstein_signature_1934.svg.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/103EF\/production\/_123634566_1024px-albert_einstein_signature_1934.svg.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"eehpdyc0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1enwo3v0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/103EF\/production\/_123634566_1024px-albert_einstein_signature_1934.svg.jpg\" alt=\"Assinatura de Albert Einstein\" width=\"1024\" height=\"154\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h2 id=\"A-verdade-inc\u00f4moda\" class=\"bbc-l3e97o e14hemmw0\" tabindex=\"-1\">A verdade inc\u00f4moda<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Poucas semanas depois, em 12 de setembro de 1932, Leon Steinig, diretor da Liga das Na\u00e7\u00f5es, informou a Einstein que Freud havia aceitado cooperar, embora o advertisse de que o que ele tinha a dizer poderia ser pessimista demais para o gosto das pessoas, pois ele n\u00e3o ado\u00e7aria a inc\u00f4moda verdade:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Toda a minha vida tive que dizer \u00e0s pessoas verdades dif\u00edceis de engolir. Agora que estou velho, certamente n\u00e3o quero engan\u00e1-los.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Einstein assegurou a Freud que o que procurava era uma resposta psicologicamente eficaz, n\u00e3o otimista.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Com os termos acordados, o psicanalista passou a registrar seus pensamentos em uma carta naquele mesmo m\u00eas de setembro.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h2 id=\"Viol\u00eancia-e-direito\" class=\"bbc-l3e97o e14hemmw0\" tabindex=\"-1\">Viol\u00eancia e direito<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Em sua carta, Freud come\u00e7ou manifestando surpresa com a pergunta que Einstein, um f\u00edsico, fez a ele, um psic\u00f3logo.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Fiquei espantado ao pensar na minha (na nossa, quase escrevi) incompet\u00eancia; pois me pareceu uma quest\u00e3o de pol\u00edtica pr\u00e1tica, o estudo adequado do estadista.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Mas logo percebi que voc\u00ea n\u00e3o estava fazendo a pergunta como cientista ou f\u00edsico, mas como um amante de seus semelhantes&#8230; E, a seguir, me lembrei que n\u00e3o fui chamado para formular propostas pr\u00e1ticas, mas sim, para explicar o ponto de vista de um psic\u00f3logo sobre a quest\u00e3o da preven\u00e7\u00e3o de guerras&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e6bmn90\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y e1whu0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1enwo3v1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/2227\/production\/_123634780_gettyimages-506014725-1.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/2227\/production\/_123634780_gettyimages-506014725-1.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/2227\/production\/_123634780_gettyimages-506014725-1.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/2227\/production\/_123634780_gettyimages-506014725-1.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/2227\/production\/_123634780_gettyimages-506014725-1.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/2227\/production\/_123634780_gettyimages-506014725-1.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/2227\/production\/_123634780_gettyimages-506014725-1.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/2227\/production\/_123634780_gettyimages-506014725-1.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/2227\/production\/_123634780_gettyimages-506014725-1.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/2227\/production\/_123634780_gettyimages-506014725-1.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"eehpdyc0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1enwo3v0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/2227\/production\/_123634780_gettyimages-506014725-1.jpg\" alt=\"Freud\" width=\"976\" height=\"549\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-rhuvwm eede9f50\" dir=\"ltr\">Na sua idade, afirmou Freud, ele n\u00e3o estava l\u00e1 para ado\u00e7ar a realidade<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Esclarecida a quest\u00e3o, Freud passou a descrever sua teoria da trajet\u00f3ria evolutiva da viol\u00eancia, que determina &#8220;o que deve pertencer a um ou a outro ou qual a vontade deve ser respeitada&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Uma refer\u00eancia \u00e9 a interven\u00e7\u00e3o da arma, que marca &#8220;o momento em que a supremacia intelectual come\u00e7a a substituir a for\u00e7a bruta&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;A for\u00e7a bruta \u00e9 derrotada pela uni\u00e3o; o poder aliado de unidades dispersas faz valer seu direito contra o gigante isolado. Assim, podemos definir &#8216;direito&#8217; (ou seja, lei) como o poder de uma comunidade.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;No entanto, tampouco \u00e9 nada mais do que a viol\u00eancia, r\u00e1pida para atacar qualquer indiv\u00edduo que se interponha em seu caminho, e emprega os mesmos m\u00e9todos, persegue os mesmos fins, com apenas uma diferen\u00e7a: \u00e9 a viol\u00eancia comunit\u00e1ria, n\u00e3o individual, a viol\u00eancia que se sai impune.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h2 id=\"Controle-central\" class=\"bbc-l3e97o e14hemmw0\" tabindex=\"-1\">Controle central<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Por fim, Freud trouxe sua teoria de volta ao presente.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e6bmn90\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y e1whu0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1enwo3v1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/DCDF\/production\/_123634565_iiif-service_mss_mss39990_mss39990-021_33_0057-full-pct_50-0-default-1-1.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/DCDF\/production\/_123634565_iiif-service_mss_mss39990_mss39990-021_33_0057-full-pct_50-0-default-1-1.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/DCDF\/production\/_123634565_iiif-service_mss_mss39990_mss39990-021_33_0057-full-pct_50-0-default-1-1.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/DCDF\/production\/_123634565_iiif-service_mss_mss39990_mss39990-021_33_0057-full-pct_50-0-default-1-1.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/DCDF\/production\/_123634565_iiif-service_mss_mss39990_mss39990-021_33_0057-full-pct_50-0-default-1-1.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/DCDF\/production\/_123634565_iiif-service_mss_mss39990_mss39990-021_33_0057-full-pct_50-0-default-1-1.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/DCDF\/production\/_123634565_iiif-service_mss_mss39990_mss39990-021_33_0057-full-pct_50-0-default-1-1.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/DCDF\/production\/_123634565_iiif-service_mss_mss39990_mss39990-021_33_0057-full-pct_50-0-default-1-1.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/DCDF\/production\/_123634565_iiif-service_mss_mss39990_mss39990-021_33_0057-full-pct_50-0-default-1-1.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/DCDF\/production\/_123634565_iiif-service_mss_mss39990_mss39990-021_33_0057-full-pct_50-0-default-1-1.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"eehpdyc0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1enwo3v0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/DCDF\/production\/_123634565_iiif-service_mss_mss39990_mss39990-021_33_0057-full-pct_50-0-default-1-1.jpg\" alt=\"Carta para Einstein escrita por Freud\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-rhuvwm eede9f50\" dir=\"ltr\">Carta para Einstein escrita por Freud<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;H\u00e1 uma maneira segura para acabar com a guerra, e \u00e9 o estabelecimento, de comum acordo, de um controle central que ter\u00e1 a \u00faltima palavra em todos os conflitos de interesse. Duas coisas s\u00e3o necess\u00e1rias para isso: primeiro, a cria\u00e7\u00e3o de tal suprema corte do judici\u00e1rio; em segundo lugar, seu investimento com for\u00e7a executiva adequada&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Mas uma n\u00e3o \u00e9 suficiente sem a outra.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Em nossos tempos, buscamos em v\u00e3o alguma no\u00e7\u00e3o unificadora cuja autoridade seja inquestion\u00e1vel.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Est\u00e1 bem claro que as ideias nacionalistas, hoje primordiais em todos os pa\u00edses, operam na dire\u00e7\u00e3o oposta. [&#8230;] Portanto, parece que qualquer esfor\u00e7o para substituir a for\u00e7a bruta pelo poder de um ideal est\u00e1, nas condi\u00e7\u00f5es atuais, fadado ao fracasso.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">No entanto, em uma passagem menos pessimista do texto, ele observou:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;No aspecto psicol\u00f3gico, dois dos fen\u00f4menos mais importantes da cultura s\u00e3o, em primeiro lugar, um fortalecimento do intelecto, que tende a dominar nossa vida instintiva, e, em segundo lugar, uma introvers\u00e3o do impulso agressivo, com todos os seus consequentes benef\u00edcios e riscos.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Agora, a guerra vai mais enfaticamente contra a disposi\u00e7\u00e3o ps\u00edquica que nos imp\u00f5e o crescimento da cultura; portanto, somos obrigados a ressentir a guerra, a consider\u00e1-la completamente intoler\u00e1vel.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h2 id=\"A-humaniza\u00e7\u00e3o\" class=\"bbc-l3e97o e14hemmw0\" tabindex=\"-1\">A humaniza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ek1plzs1 bbc-9m7iam e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e6bmn90\">\n<div class=\"bbc-vx18wi e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-vx18wi e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-rprdln e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y e1whu0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1enwo3v1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/9757\/production\/_123634783_gettyimages-144848477-1.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/9757\/production\/_123634783_gettyimages-144848477-1.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/9757\/production\/_123634783_gettyimages-144848477-1.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/9757\/production\/_123634783_gettyimages-144848477-1.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/9757\/production\/_123634783_gettyimages-144848477-1.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/9757\/production\/_123634783_gettyimages-144848477-1.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/9757\/production\/_123634783_gettyimages-144848477-1.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/9757\/production\/_123634783_gettyimages-144848477-1.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/9757\/production\/_123634783_gettyimages-144848477-1.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/9757\/production\/_123634783_gettyimages-144848477-1.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"eehpdyc0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1enwo3v0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/9757\/production\/_123634783_gettyimages-144848477-1.jpg\" alt=\"Gustav Stresemann, ministro das Rela\u00e7\u00f5es Exteriores da Alemanha, assinando o Pacto Briand-Kellogg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1305\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-rhuvwm eede9f50\" dir=\"ltr\">Gustav Stresemann, ministro das Rela\u00e7\u00f5es Exteriores da Alemanha, assinando o Pacto Briand-Kellogg, renunciando \u00e0 guerra de agress\u00e3o em 1928<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-vx18wi e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Embora &#8220;n\u00e3o tenha sido chamado para formular propostas pr\u00e1ticas&#8221;, ele prop\u00f4s um modelo.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">Diferentemente de Einstein, Freud era um elitista que pensava que o papel da &#8220;<i class=\"bbc-h1y5j7 ewc4zcb0\">intelligentsia<\/i>&#8221; era impor a ditadura da raz\u00e3o: &#8220;Se deve tomar mais cuidado do que at\u00e9 agora para educar um estrato superior de homens com mentes independentes, n\u00e3o abertos \u00e0 intimida\u00e7\u00e3o e ansiosos por buscar a verdade, cuja miss\u00e3o seria orientar as massas dependentes.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">A ideia dele era a humaniza\u00e7\u00e3o por meio da educa\u00e7\u00e3o, e o que ele chamou de &#8220;identifica\u00e7\u00e3o&#8221; com &#8220;qualquer coisa que leve os homens a compartilhar interesses importantes&#8221;, criando assim uma &#8220;comunidade de sentimentos&#8221;. Esses meios, ele observou, podiam levar \u00e0 paz.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">No entanto, Freud concluiu com ambival\u00eancia e muito ceticismo em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 elimina\u00e7\u00e3o dos instintos violentos e da guerra.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;O resultado destas observa\u00e7\u00f5es, em rela\u00e7\u00e3o ao assunto em quest\u00e3o, \u00e9 que n\u00e3o h\u00e1 chance de que possamos suprimir as tend\u00eancias agressivas da humanidade.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h2 id=\"Quanto-tempo\" class=\"bbc-l3e97o e14hemmw0\" tabindex=\"-1\">Quanto tempo?<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e6bmn90\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y e1whu0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1enwo3v1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/E577\/production\/_123634785_gettyimages-526762640-1.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/E577\/production\/_123634785_gettyimages-526762640-1.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/E577\/production\/_123634785_gettyimages-526762640-1.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/E577\/production\/_123634785_gettyimages-526762640-1.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/E577\/production\/_123634785_gettyimages-526762640-1.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/E577\/production\/_123634785_gettyimages-526762640-1.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/E577\/production\/_123634785_gettyimages-526762640-1.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/E577\/production\/_123634785_gettyimages-526762640-1.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/E577\/production\/_123634785_gettyimages-526762640-1.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/E577\/production\/_123634785_gettyimages-526762640-1.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"eehpdyc0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1enwo3v0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/E577\/production\/_123634785_gettyimages-526762640-1.jpg\" alt=\"Cart\u00e3o postal da Confer\u00eancia Internacional de Desarmamento em Genebra em 1932\" width=\"1024\" height=\"656\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-rhuvwm eede9f50\" dir=\"ltr\">Cart\u00e3o postal da Uni\u00e3o Mundial de Mulheres que dizia: &#8216;Ser ou n\u00e3o ser. Desarmamento ou Desastre. Esta \u00e9 a quest\u00e3o. Est\u00e3o conscientes disso?&#8217;<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">No final, Freud deixou uma pergunta cujo eco \u00e9 doloroso diante do que aconteceu durante os 90 anos desde que os dois pensadores escreveram suas ideias:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Quanto tempo temos que esperar at\u00e9 que o resto dos homens se tornem pacifistas?&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Imposs\u00edvel dizer, mas talvez nossa esperan\u00e7a de que esses dois fatores \u2014 a concep\u00e7\u00e3o cultural e o temor justificado das repercuss\u00f5es de uma futura conflagra\u00e7\u00e3o \u2014 possam servir para acabar com a guerra em um futuro pr\u00f3ximo n\u00e3o seja quim\u00e9rica.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Por quais caminhos ou desvios aconteceria, \u00e9 imposs\u00edvel adivinhar.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Enquanto isso, podemos confiar que tudo o que contribui para o desenvolvimento cultural tamb\u00e9m est\u00e1 trabalhando contra a guerra.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Com o cumprimento mais cordial, e se voc\u00ea achar esta\u00a0<i class=\"bbc-h1y5j7 ewc4zcb0\">expos\u00e9<\/i>\u00a0decepcionante, minhas sinceras desculpas, seu&#8230;&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e6bmn90\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y e1whu0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1enwo3v1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/8EBF\/production\/_123634563_1024px-freudsignature.svg.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/8EBF\/production\/_123634563_1024px-freudsignature.svg.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/8EBF\/production\/_123634563_1024px-freudsignature.svg.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/8EBF\/production\/_123634563_1024px-freudsignature.svg.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/8EBF\/production\/_123634563_1024px-freudsignature.svg.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/8EBF\/production\/_123634563_1024px-freudsignature.svg.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/8EBF\/production\/_123634563_1024px-freudsignature.svg.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/8EBF\/production\/_123634563_1024px-freudsignature.svg.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/8EBF\/production\/_123634563_1024px-freudsignature.svg.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/8EBF\/production\/_123634563_1024px-freudsignature.svg.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"eehpdyc0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1enwo3v0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/8EBF\/production\/_123634563_1024px-freudsignature.svg.jpg\" alt=\"Firma de Sigmund Freud\" width=\"1024\" height=\"297\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr e57qer20\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-bm53ic e1cc2ql70\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><i class=\"bbc-h1y5j7 ewc4zcb0\">* Voc\u00ea pode ler uma das cartas de\u00a0<\/i><a class=\"bbc-n8oauk e1cs6q200\" href=\"https:\/\/es.unesco.org\/courier\/may-1985\/que-guerra-carta-albert-einstein-sigmund-freud\" aria-label=\"Albert Einstein, externo\">Albert Einstein<\/a><i class=\"bbc-h1y5j7 ewc4zcb0\">\u00a0e\u00a0<\/i><a class=\"bbc-n8oauk e1cs6q200\" href=\"https:\/\/es.unesco.org\/courier\/marzo-1993\/que-guerra-sigmund-freud-escribe-albert-einstein\" aria-label=\"Sigmund Freud, externo\">Sigmund Freud<\/a><i class=\"bbc-h1y5j7 ewc4zcb0\">\u00a0(ligeiramente abreviadas) no site da Unesco (em espanhol).<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Albert Einstein, o pai da f\u00edsica moderna, e Sigmund Freud, o pai da psican\u00e1lise, se conheceram na casa do filho deste \u00faltimo em Berlim em 1927.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":383661,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[3,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-383660","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultura","category-municipios"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Einstein-e-Freud.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/383660","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=383660"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/383660\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/383661"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=383660"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=383660"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=383660"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}