{"id":399523,"date":"2022-09-26T06:13:51","date_gmt":"2022-09-26T09:13:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/?p=399523"},"modified":"2022-09-26T06:13:51","modified_gmt":"2022-09-26T09:13:51","slug":"a-revolta-da-bandeira-do-urso-rebeliao-que-fez-o-mexico-perder-a-california-para-sempre","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/a-revolta-da-bandeira-do-urso-rebeliao-que-fez-o-mexico-perder-a-california-para-sempre\/","title":{"rendered":"A &#8216;revolta da bandeira do urso&#8217;, rebeli\u00e3o que fez o M\u00e9xico perder a Calif\u00f3rnia para sempre"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"bbc-1151pbn ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<h1 id=\"content\" class=\"bbc-14gqcmb e1p3vdyi0\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"e1j2237y6 bbc-q4ibpr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-1atl7vu euvj3t14\">\n<p>Leire Ventas<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"e1j2237y7 bbc-q4ibpr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e1aczekt0\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y eihqrxw0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1mo64ex1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/12A51\/production\/_125796367_gettyimages-1063332598.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/12A51\/production\/_125796367_gettyimages-1063332598.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/12A51\/production\/_125796367_gettyimages-1063332598.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/12A51\/production\/_125796367_gettyimages-1063332598.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/12A51\/production\/_125796367_gettyimages-1063332598.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/12A51\/production\/_125796367_gettyimages-1063332598.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/12A51\/production\/_125796367_gettyimages-1063332598.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/12A51\/production\/_125796367_gettyimages-1063332598.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/12A51\/production\/_125796367_gettyimages-1063332598.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/12A51\/production\/_125796367_gettyimages-1063332598.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"e3vrtyk0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1mo64ex0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/12A51\/production\/_125796367_gettyimages-1063332598.jpg\" alt=\"Bandeira oficial da Calif\u00f3rnia\" width=\"976\" height=\"650\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-rhuvwm e6i104o0\" dir=\"ltr\">A Rep\u00fablica da Calif\u00f3rnia, que existiu por apenas 25 dias em 1846, lan\u00e7ou as bases para a entrada deste territ\u00f3rio nos EUA<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\"><b>Foi um epis\u00f3dio ef\u00eamero na hist\u00f3ria americana \u2014 mas teve um alcance maior do que qualquer pessoa na \u00e9poca poderia imaginar.<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">A Rep\u00fablica da Calif\u00f3rnia, que existiu por apenas 25 dias entre junho e julho de 1846, lan\u00e7ou as bases para a entrada deste territ\u00f3rio nos Estados Unidos.<\/p>\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Mas seu legado mais vis\u00edvel \u00e9 a atual bandeira oficial do Estado, que tremula onipresente e \u00e9 reproduzida em cart\u00f5es postais, camisetas, canecas e outros artigos promocionais.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">\u00c9 prov\u00e1vel que voc\u00ea a reconhe\u00e7a: sobre um fundo branco, seu motivo central \u00e9 um urso-cinzento \u2014 o\u00a0<i class=\"bbc-h1y5j7 eih42320\">Ursus arctos horribilis<\/i>, uma subesp\u00e9cie de urso-pardo que desapareceu destas bandas h\u00e1 anos e hoje s\u00f3 \u00e9 encontrada em \u00e1reas do noroeste dos Estados Unidos, Canad\u00e1 e Pen\u00ednsula de Kamchatka (Sib\u00e9ria) \u2014 caminhando sobre um gramado verde, com uma estrela vermelha no alto.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Na parte inferior, acima de uma faixa vermelha, est\u00e1 escrito com uma fonte sem serifa\u00a0<i class=\"bbc-h1y5j7 eih42320\">California Republic<\/i>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1n4f7vm ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<section class=\"bbc-1tuvzyv etbfg571\" role=\"region\" data-e2e=\"recommendations-heading\" aria-labelledby=\"recommendations-heading\">\n<div class=\"bbc-bjn8wh eveec6k2\"><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e1aczekt0\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y eihqrxw0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1mo64ex1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/15C51\/production\/_125796198_gettyimages-1405512260.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/15C51\/production\/_125796198_gettyimages-1405512260.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/15C51\/production\/_125796198_gettyimages-1405512260.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/15C51\/production\/_125796198_gettyimages-1405512260.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/15C51\/production\/_125796198_gettyimages-1405512260.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/15C51\/production\/_125796198_gettyimages-1405512260.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/15C51\/production\/_125796198_gettyimages-1405512260.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/15C51\/production\/_125796198_gettyimages-1405512260.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/15C51\/production\/_125796198_gettyimages-1405512260.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/15C51\/production\/_125796198_gettyimages-1405512260.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"e3vrtyk0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1mo64ex0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/15C51\/production\/_125796198_gettyimages-1405512260.jpg\" alt=\"Broches com a bandeira da Calif\u00f3rnia\" width=\"976\" height=\"549\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-rhuvwm e6i104o0\" dir=\"ltr\">Broches com a bandeira da Calif\u00f3rnia<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">A bandeira \u00e9 uma homenagem \u00e0 que foi hasteada h\u00e1 176 anos na pra\u00e7a de Sonoma, um povoado \u2014 hoje uma cidade \u2014 ao norte de San Francisco, por colonos americanos de origem europeia que se revoltaram contra o governo do M\u00e9xico, ao qual pertencia na \u00e9poca este territ\u00f3rio chamado Alta Calif\u00f3rnia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Foi justamente por causa da bandeira rebelde que o epis\u00f3dio ficou conhecido como Revolta da Bandeira do Urso.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Mas os especialistas concordam que sua origem come\u00e7ou a tomar forma no territ\u00f3rio vizinho: o Texas.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<h2 id=\"O-precedente-do-Texas\" class=\"bbc-1f03ibc eglt09e0\" tabindex=\"-1\">O precedente do Texas<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Em meados do s\u00e9culo 19, o M\u00e9xico controlava vastas extens\u00f5es no que hoje \u00e9 o sudoeste dos Estados Unidos.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Profundamente desgastado e empobrecido pelos 11 anos de guerra que levaram \u00e0 sua independ\u00eancia, e com o objetivo de melhorar sua economia, o governo mexicano promoveu a coloniza\u00e7\u00e3o destes territ\u00f3rios, incluindo a Calif\u00f3rnia, Novo M\u00e9xico e Texas.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Para isso, permitiu vender quantidades de terra a um pre\u00e7o baixo, a cr\u00e9dito e com isen\u00e7\u00e3o de impostos e taxas alfandeg\u00e1rias por cinco anos a qualquer estrangeiro que quisesse se tornar cidad\u00e3o mexicano e concordasse em cumprir as leis mexicanas.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e1aczekt0\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y eihqrxw0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1mo64ex1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/5BAD\/production\/_125796432_gettyimages-1288552984.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/5BAD\/production\/_125796432_gettyimages-1288552984.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/5BAD\/production\/_125796432_gettyimages-1288552984.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/5BAD\/production\/_125796432_gettyimages-1288552984.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/5BAD\/production\/_125796432_gettyimages-1288552984.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/5BAD\/production\/_125796432_gettyimages-1288552984.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/5BAD\/production\/_125796432_gettyimages-1288552984.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/5BAD\/production\/_125796432_gettyimages-1288552984.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/5BAD\/production\/_125796432_gettyimages-1288552984.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/5BAD\/production\/_125796432_gettyimages-1288552984.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"e3vrtyk0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1mo64ex0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/5BAD\/production\/_125796432_gettyimages-1288552984.jpg\" alt=\"1852, mapa de Levasseur com a Rep\u00fablica do Texas\" width=\"976\" height=\"700\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<p class=\"bbc-1s1cxbv ewbcsnk0\" role=\"text\"><span class=\"bbc-1gnhmg2 ed7bp6y0\">CR\u00c9DITO,<\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">GETTY IMAGES<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Como consequ\u00eancia, um grande n\u00famero de pessoas provenientes de outros pa\u00edses se estabeleceram nas plan\u00edcies f\u00e9rteis do Texas e se tornaram cidad\u00e3os legais, incluindo um monte de americanos. Segundo relatos do general Manuel Mier y Ter\u00e1n, que mais tarde se tornou um insurgente, para cada mexicano havia na \u00e9poca oito falantes de ingl\u00eas.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">As tens\u00f5es cada vez mais acentuadas entre a popula\u00e7\u00e3o levaram, em 1835, a uma rebeli\u00e3o separatista da qual nasceu a Rep\u00fablica do Texas, uma na\u00e7\u00e3o independente liderada por colonos que durou at\u00e9 1845, quando o Congresso dos EUA votou para anex\u00e1-la \u00e0 Uni\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Em janeiro do ano seguinte, o presidente James K. Polk autorizaria o general Zacarias Taylor a avan\u00e7ar com suas tropas em dire\u00e7\u00e3o ao Rio Bravo (conhecido como Rio Grande nos EUA), territ\u00f3rio mexicano. E ap\u00f3s confrontos com as tropas do ex\u00e9rcito mexicano, os EUA declararam guerra em mar\u00e7o de 1846.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e1aczekt0\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y eihqrxw0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1mo64ex1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/16A67\/production\/_91057729_gettyimages-3352167.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/16A67\/production\/_91057729_gettyimages-3352167.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/16A67\/production\/_91057729_gettyimages-3352167.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/16A67\/production\/_91057729_gettyimages-3352167.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/16A67\/production\/_91057729_gettyimages-3352167.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/16A67\/production\/_91057729_gettyimages-3352167.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/16A67\/production\/_91057729_gettyimages-3352167.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/16A67\/production\/_91057729_gettyimages-3352167.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/16A67\/production\/_91057729_gettyimages-3352167.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/16A67\/production\/_91057729_gettyimages-3352167.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"e3vrtyk0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1mo64ex0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/16A67\/production\/_91057729_gettyimages-3352167.jpg\" alt=\"Ilustra\u00e7\u00e3o do Zacarias Taylor liderando suas tropas na Batalha de Buena Vista, durante a Guerra entre M\u00e9xico e EUA (1846-1848)\" width=\"976\" height=\"660\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-rhuvwm e6i104o0\" dir=\"ltr\">O general Zacarias Taylor avan\u00e7ou com suas tropas em dire\u00e7\u00e3o ao Rio Bravo, ent\u00e3o territ\u00f3rio mexicano<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-zvnee0 e1rfboeq6\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<section class=\"e1rfboeq5 bbc-gua01y e1s8ztj50\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"podcast-promo\">\n<div class=\"bbc-bjn8wh eveec6k2\"><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">A declara\u00e7\u00e3o de guerra dos Estados Unidos contra o M\u00e9xico n\u00e3o seria conhecida na Alta Calif\u00f3rnia at\u00e9 julho, mas com o precedente do Texas, os californianos \u2014 habitantes mexicanos \u2014 estavam cientes de que seu governo era &#8220;muito pobre, inst\u00e1vel e fraco&#8221; para impedir que os colonos americanos tomassem o controle.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Foi o que disse \u00e0 revista History Linda Heidenreich, que em seu livro\u00a0<i class=\"bbc-h1y5j7 eih42320\">This Land Was Mexican Once<\/i>\u00a0(&#8220;Esta terra j\u00e1 foi mexicana&#8221;, em tradu\u00e7\u00e3o livre) analisa a experi\u00eancia latina na Revolta da Bandeira do Urso e outras insurrei\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Foi neste contexto que o explorador e oficial do Ex\u00e9rcito americano John C. Fr\u00e9mont chegou ao forte de Sutter (perto da atual Sacramento, capital do Estado da Calif\u00f3rnia) com um grupo de soldados.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Oficialmente em uma expedi\u00e7\u00e3o cient\u00edfica, n\u00e3o est\u00e1 claro se ele recebeu ordens do presidente para incentivar uma rebeli\u00e3o dos americanos tamb\u00e9m na Alta Calif\u00f3rnia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Seja como for, &#8220;se espalhou a not\u00edcia, verdadeira ou n\u00e3o, de que o governo mexicano estava se preparando para expulsar todos os americanos e que eles teriam que sair sem seu gado ou suas armas&#8221;, diz a cronista e jornalista veterana Gay LeBaron \u00e0 BBC News Mundo, servi\u00e7o de not\u00edcias em espanhol da BBC.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-sffzb7 e1hrqbfn0\">\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e1aczekt0\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y eihqrxw0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1mo64ex1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/6639\/production\/_125796162_gettyimages-480406492.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/6639\/production\/_125796162_gettyimages-480406492.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/6639\/production\/_125796162_gettyimages-480406492.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/6639\/production\/_125796162_gettyimages-480406492.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/6639\/production\/_125796162_gettyimages-480406492.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/6639\/production\/_125796162_gettyimages-480406492.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/6639\/production\/_125796162_gettyimages-480406492.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/6639\/production\/_125796162_gettyimages-480406492.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/6639\/production\/_125796162_gettyimages-480406492.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/6639\/production\/_125796162_gettyimages-480406492.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"e3vrtyk0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1mo64ex0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/6639\/production\/_125796162_gettyimages-480406492.jpg\" alt=\"Vista a\u00e9rea de Sonoma\" width=\"976\" height=\"620\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-rhuvwm e6i104o0\" dir=\"ltr\">Vista a\u00e9rea de Sonoma<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;E a ideia de deixar a Alta Calif\u00f3rnia assim e voltar a desbravar o vazio, porque naquela \u00e9poca tudo entre a Calif\u00f3rnia e o Rio Missouri era territ\u00f3rio ind\u00edgena (de povos nativos), era avassaladora&#8221;, completa.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Este \u00e9 o argumento que ficou na hist\u00f3ria como a raz\u00e3o para o in\u00edcio da Revolta da Bandeira do Urso.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<h2 id=\"O-levante-dos-ursos\" class=\"bbc-1f03ibc eglt09e0\" tabindex=\"-1\">O levante dos &#8216;ursos&#8217;<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Em 10 de junho, um grupo de colonos liderados pelo ca\u00e7ador de peles Ezekiel Merritt cruzou o Rio Sacramento e seguiu para Sonoma.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Eles se autodenominavam &#8220;ursos&#8221;, inspirados no animal que naquela \u00e9poca ainda habitava o vale. A insurrei\u00e7\u00e3o era iminente.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e1aczekt0\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y eihqrxw0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1mo64ex1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/FE91\/production\/_125796156_gettyimages-51790021.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/FE91\/production\/_125796156_gettyimages-51790021.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/FE91\/production\/_125796156_gettyimages-51790021.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/FE91\/production\/_125796156_gettyimages-51790021.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/FE91\/production\/_125796156_gettyimages-51790021.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/FE91\/production\/_125796156_gettyimages-51790021.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/FE91\/production\/_125796156_gettyimages-51790021.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/FE91\/production\/_125796156_gettyimages-51790021.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/FE91\/production\/_125796156_gettyimages-51790021.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/FE91\/production\/_125796156_gettyimages-51790021.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"e3vrtyk0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1mo64ex0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/FE91\/production\/_125796156_gettyimages-51790021.jpg\" alt=\"Bear flaggers\" width=\"976\" height=\"700\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-rhuvwm e6i104o0\" dir=\"ltr\">Os &#8216;bear flaggers&#8217; eram colonos americanos que se rebelaram contra a autoridade mexicana e declararam a Calif\u00f3rnia uma rep\u00fablica<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Ao longo do caminho, mais homens se juntaram a eles \u2014eram cerca de 30 quando chegaram ao munic\u00edpio em 14 de junho, conforme conta o historiador e etn\u00f3logo Hubert Howe Bancroft em suas cr\u00f4nicas sobre o oeste.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Ali cercaram a casa do comandante militar Mariano G. Vallejo, que ap\u00f3s uma breve negocia\u00e7\u00e3o se rendeu e foi feito prisioneiro.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Apenas 24 horas ap\u00f3s a chegada dos &#8220;ursos&#8221;, a bandeira rebelde tremulava na pra\u00e7a de Sonoma.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">A fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o da bandeira foi supervisionada por William L. Todd, sobrinho de Mary Todd, esposa do futuro presidente Abraham Lincoln, segundo o site do Museu da Calif\u00f3rnia, um centro p\u00fablico localizado em Sacramento.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e1aczekt0\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y eihqrxw0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1mo64ex1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/B071\/production\/_125796154_gettyimages-143079489.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/B071\/production\/_125796154_gettyimages-143079489.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/B071\/production\/_125796154_gettyimages-143079489.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/B071\/production\/_125796154_gettyimages-143079489.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/B071\/production\/_125796154_gettyimages-143079489.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/B071\/production\/_125796154_gettyimages-143079489.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/B071\/production\/_125796154_gettyimages-143079489.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/B071\/production\/_125796154_gettyimages-143079489.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/B071\/production\/_125796154_gettyimages-143079489.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/B071\/production\/_125796154_gettyimages-143079489.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"e3vrtyk0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1mo64ex0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/B071\/production\/_125796154_gettyimages-143079489.jpg\" alt=\"Design original da bandeira do urso\" width=\"976\" height=\"650\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-rhuvwm e6i104o0\" dir=\"ltr\">Design original da bandeira do urso<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Uma mulher da Calif\u00f3rnia doou um peda\u00e7o de tecido musseline marrom claro, e a esposa de John Sears, um dos rebeldes, costurou na parte inferior uma faixa vermelha tirada de uma an\u00e1gua.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Depois desenharam uma estrela no canto superior esquerdo e um urso ao lado dela, usando uma mistura amarronzada de p\u00f3 de tijolo, \u00f3leo de linha\u00e7a e tinta vermelha veneziana, e escreveram California Republic em preto no centro.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Nascia uma rep\u00fablica, proclamada por William Ide, a quem os rebeldes escolheram como l\u00edder. Mas n\u00e3o duraria muito.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Em 26 de junho, Fr\u00e9mont iniciou oficialmente sua campanha para anexar a Calif\u00f3rnia aos Estados Unidos, partindo do forte de Sutter com 130 homens, segundo Bancroft. Chegou a Sonoma em 3 de julho, e se colocou imediatamente no comando dos &#8220;ursos&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e1aczekt0\">\n<div class=\"bbc-37mmq3 ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-37mmq3 ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y eihqrxw0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1mo64ex1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/C011\/production\/_125796194_gettyimages-1347543467.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/C011\/production\/_125796194_gettyimages-1347543467.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/C011\/production\/_125796194_gettyimages-1347543467.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/C011\/production\/_125796194_gettyimages-1347543467.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/C011\/production\/_125796194_gettyimages-1347543467.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/C011\/production\/_125796194_gettyimages-1347543467.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/C011\/production\/_125796194_gettyimages-1347543467.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/C011\/production\/_125796194_gettyimages-1347543467.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/C011\/production\/_125796194_gettyimages-1347543467.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/C011\/production\/_125796194_gettyimages-1347543467.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"e3vrtyk0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1mo64ex0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/C011\/production\/_125796194_gettyimages-1347543467.jpg\" alt=\"John C. Fr\u00e9mont\" width=\"976\" height=\"976\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-rhuvwm e6i104o0\" dir=\"ltr\">John C. Fr\u00e9mont<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-37mmq3 ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Quatro dias depois, em 7 de julho, uma fragata e duas chalupas da Marinha americana, sob o comando do comandante John D. Sloat, derrotaram a Guarda Costeira mexicana do porto de Monterey, na Calif\u00f3rnia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Diante disso, os\u00a0<i class=\"bbc-h1y5j7 eih42320\">bear flaggers<\/i>\u00a0abandonaram a ideia de criar uma rep\u00fablica independente e se juntaram \u00e0 luta para incorporar a Alta Calif\u00f3rnia aos Estados Unidos.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">A bandeira de listras e estrelas substituiu a bandeira do urso na pra\u00e7a de Sonoma.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">A invas\u00e3o americana do M\u00e9xico terminou com o Tratado de Guadalupe-Hidalgo em 1848, pelo qual o M\u00e9xico cedeu formalmente a Alta Calif\u00f3rnia e outros territ\u00f3rios, e a fronteira do Texas foi estabelecida no Rio Grande.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Os EUA passaram, assim, a ter mais 2,1 milh\u00f5es de quil\u00f4metros quadrados sob seu dom\u00ednio. E o territ\u00f3rio mexicano foi reduzido em 55%.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">A forma como a Calif\u00f3rnia foi anexada aos Estados Unidos marcou totalmente a din\u00e2mica futura do Estado, conta \u00e0 BBC News Mundo Alex Abella, jornalista e autor de\u00a0<i class=\"bbc-h1y5j7 eih42320\">Under the Burning Sunset<\/i>\u00a0(&#8220;Sob o Sol ardente&#8221;, em tradu\u00e7\u00e3o livre), uma saga da era dos ranchos californianos .<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e1aczekt0\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y eihqrxw0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1mo64ex1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/18E1\/production\/_125796360_gettyimages-1285593471.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/18E1\/production\/_125796360_gettyimages-1285593471.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/18E1\/production\/_125796360_gettyimages-1285593471.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/18E1\/production\/_125796360_gettyimages-1285593471.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/18E1\/production\/_125796360_gettyimages-1285593471.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/18E1\/production\/_125796360_gettyimages-1285593471.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/18E1\/production\/_125796360_gettyimages-1285593471.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/18E1\/production\/_125796360_gettyimages-1285593471.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/18E1\/production\/_125796360_gettyimages-1285593471.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/18E1\/production\/_125796360_gettyimages-1285593471.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"e3vrtyk0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1mo64ex0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/18E1\/production\/_125796360_gettyimages-1285593471.jpg\" alt=\"Placa em que se l\u00ea 'Calif\u00f3rnia', com a forma do estado e uma imagem da bandeira\" width=\"976\" height=\"650\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<p class=\"bbc-1s1cxbv ewbcsnk0\" role=\"text\"><span class=\"bbc-1gnhmg2 ed7bp6y0\">CR\u00c9DITO,<\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">GETTY IMAGES<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Se tivesse entrado voluntariamente na Uni\u00e3o, poderia ter importado suas pr\u00f3prias leis e costumes, mas como territ\u00f3rio conquistado, estava sujeito \u00e0s leis americanas&#8221;, explica.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;E os californianos haviam institu\u00eddo um governo democr\u00e1tico, paternalista e muitas vezes atormentado por conflitos pol\u00edticos, mas multi\u00e9tnico e racialmente integrado, enquanto os americanos, entre outras coisas, negavam direitos civis a negros e nativos&#8221;, acrescenta.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Heidenreich tamb\u00e9m destaca uma mudan\u00e7a nas hierarquias sociais:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Tanto na Calif\u00f3rnia quanto no Texas foi criado um novo sistema racial. E aqueles que se consideravam espanh\u00f3is ou brancos passaram a ser vistos como pardos ou chamados de\u00a0<i class=\"bbc-h1y5j7 eih42320\">greasers<\/i>\u00a0(termo depreciativo para se referir aos mexicanos)&#8221;, disse \u00e0 revista History. Eram cidad\u00e3os de segunda categoria em sua pr\u00f3pria terra.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">O panorama se consolidaria com a descoberta de ouro em Coloma, perto de Sacramento. A &#8220;corrida do ouro&#8221; que se seguiu transformou a Calif\u00f3rnia, regi\u00e3o escassamente povoada, em um movimentado centro econ\u00f4mico controlado por americanos brancos.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Mas, em meio a tudo isso, que fim levou a &#8220;bandeira do urso&#8221;?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<h2 id=\"Da-bandeira-da-rep\u00fablica-\u00e0-do-Estado\" class=\"bbc-1f03ibc eglt09e0\" tabindex=\"-1\">Da bandeira da rep\u00fablica \u00e0 do Estado<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">A bandeira original hasteada pelos rebeldes em Sonoma acabou sendo doada para a Sociedade de Pioneiros da Calif\u00f3rnia, estabelecida em 1850.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Mas se perdeu durante o grande terremoto e inc\u00eandio em San Francisco em 1906&#8221;, explica Ted Kaye, secret\u00e1rio da Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Vexilol\u00f3gica Norte-Americana (NAVA, na sigla em ingl\u00eas), \u00e0 BBC News Mundo.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Mesmo assim, o design b\u00e1sico do urso, com a estrela e o texto\u00a0<i class=\"bbc-h1y5j7 eih42320\">California Republic\u00a0<\/i>continuou sendo usado por um grupo chamado Native Sons and Daughters of the Golden West, uma organiza\u00e7\u00e3o de pioneiros e descendentes, conforme conta o especialista em bandeiras.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e1aczekt0\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y eihqrxw0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1mo64ex1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/18361\/production\/_125796199_gettyimages-1390307587.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/18361\/production\/_125796199_gettyimages-1390307587.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/18361\/production\/_125796199_gettyimages-1390307587.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/18361\/production\/_125796199_gettyimages-1390307587.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/18361\/production\/_125796199_gettyimages-1390307587.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/18361\/production\/_125796199_gettyimages-1390307587.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/18361\/production\/_125796199_gettyimages-1390307587.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/18361\/production\/_125796199_gettyimages-1390307587.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/18361\/production\/_125796199_gettyimages-1390307587.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/18361\/production\/_125796199_gettyimages-1390307587.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"e3vrtyk0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1mo64ex0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/18361\/production\/_125796199_gettyimages-1390307587.jpg\" alt=\"A bandeira da Calif\u00f3rnia tremulando ao lado da americana\" width=\"814\" height=\"429\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<p class=\"bbc-1s1cxbv ewbcsnk0\" role=\"text\"><span class=\"bbc-1gnhmg2 ed7bp6y0\">CR\u00c9DITO,<\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">RARRARORRO<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">E este mesmo grupo pressionou para que o Poder Legislativo do Estado da Calif\u00f3rnia adotasse a bandeira do urso como a bandeira oficial do Estado em 1911 (a que se usa hoje \u00e9 a vers\u00e3o padronizada de 1953).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Mas, por causa do que a insurrei\u00e7\u00e3o significou para os habitantes originais, Abella acredita que \u00e9 hora da Calif\u00f3rnia abandonar a bandeira do urso.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;\u00c9 hora de a Calif\u00f3rnia se livrar desta bandeira, s\u00edmbolo de flagrante ilegalidade e preconceito racial&#8221;, escreveu em artigo publicado no jornal Los Angeles Times em 2015. \u00c0 BBC News Mundo, ele diz que ainda mant\u00e9m a mesma opini\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Opini\u00f5es como a dele n\u00e3o foram divulgadas.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Isso \u00e9 parte do problema na Calif\u00f3rnia: esta \u00e9 uma cultura em que estamos sempre enfatizando o futuro, o porvir, o que podemos criar, e n\u00e3o o que j\u00e1 foi&#8221;, diz ele \u00e0 BBC News Mundo.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Temos a tend\u00eancia de esquecer o que aconteceu, sem perceber que muitas vezes, ao n\u00e3o examinar o passado, estamos condenados a repeti-lo.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Outros especialistas consultados para este artigo concordam que n\u00e3o houve movimentos revisionistas.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"e18mih2h1 bbc-9m7iam ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e1aczekt0\">\n<div class=\"bbc-vx18wi ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-vx18wi ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-rprdln ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y eihqrxw0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1mo64ex1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/4F2D\/production\/_125796202_gettyimages-105696029.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/4F2D\/production\/_125796202_gettyimages-105696029.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/4F2D\/production\/_125796202_gettyimages-105696029.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/4F2D\/production\/_125796202_gettyimages-105696029.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/650\/cpsprodpb\/4F2D\/production\/_125796202_gettyimages-105696029.jpg.webp 650w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/4F2D\/production\/_125796202_gettyimages-105696029.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/4F2D\/production\/_125796202_gettyimages-105696029.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/4F2D\/production\/_125796202_gettyimages-105696029.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/4F2D\/production\/_125796202_gettyimages-105696029.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/650\/cpsprodpb\/4F2D\/production\/_125796202_gettyimages-105696029.jpg 650w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"e3vrtyk0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1mo64ex0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/4F2D\/production\/_125796202_gettyimages-105696029.jpg\" alt=\"Cartaz anunciando um festival no in\u00edcio de 1910 em San Francisco para comemorar a anexa\u00e7\u00e3o da Calif\u00f3rnia aos Estados Unidos\" width=\"650\" height=\"1024\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-rhuvwm e6i104o0\" dir=\"ltr\">Cartaz anunciando um festival no in\u00edcio de 1910 em San Francisco para comemorar a anexa\u00e7\u00e3o da Calif\u00f3rnia aos Estados Unidos<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-vx18wi ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Mas o que parece haver \u00e9 uma consci\u00eancia cada vez maior de que a Revolta da Bandeira do Urso \u00e9 &#8220;uma hist\u00f3ria complexa bastante simplificada&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">\u00c9 nisso que acredita Alexis Boutin, arque\u00f3loga especialista em Oriente M\u00e9dio que estuda fragmentos \u00f3sseos humanos. Ela d\u00e1 aula na Sonoma State University e se envolveu totalmente no assunto em 2014, quando um grupo local come\u00e7ou a procurar os t\u00famulos de dois americanos mortos durante a insurrei\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Uma das simplifica\u00e7\u00f5es \u00e9 que foi uma revolta em que n\u00e3o se derramou sangue. Mas obviamente houve: est\u00e1vamos justamente procurando pessoas que haviam morrido nela&#8221;, diz ela, mencionando o projeto.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Por meio da minha pesquisa, percebi que n\u00e3o apenas americanos de ascend\u00eancia europeia foram assassinados, como tamb\u00e9m californianos e mexicanos-americanos, e que a hist\u00f3ria tinha muitas faces&#8221;, explicou \u00e0 BBC News Mundo.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e1aczekt0\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y eihqrxw0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1mo64ex1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/DC31\/production\/_125796365_gettyimages-900381462.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/DC31\/production\/_125796365_gettyimages-900381462.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/DC31\/production\/_125796365_gettyimages-900381462.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/DC31\/production\/_125796365_gettyimages-900381462.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/DC31\/production\/_125796365_gettyimages-900381462.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/DC31\/production\/_125796365_gettyimages-900381462.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/DC31\/production\/_125796365_gettyimages-900381462.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/DC31\/production\/_125796365_gettyimages-900381462.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/DC31\/production\/_125796365_gettyimages-900381462.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/DC31\/production\/_125796365_gettyimages-900381462.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"e3vrtyk0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1mo64ex0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/DC31\/production\/_125796365_gettyimages-900381462.jpg\" alt=\"Bandeira da Calif\u00f3rnia pintada no rosto de uma crian\u00e7a\" width=\"976\" height=\"549\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<p class=\"bbc-1s1cxbv ewbcsnk0\" role=\"text\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Com o passar dos anos, ela acredita que est\u00e1 se reconhecendo &#8220;cada vez mais a complexidade da hist\u00f3ria, de como pessoas de m\u00faltiplas origens \u00e9tnicas estiveram envolvidas na revolta, que naquela \u00e9poca os\u00a0<i class=\"bbc-h1y5j7 eih42320\">bear flaggers<\/i>\u00a0eram imigrantes ilegais&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;\u00c0 medida que cresce o reconhecimento da natureza multicultural da nossa sociedade, e \u00e0 medida que a aceita\u00e7\u00e3o e a inclus\u00e3o crescem, esta hist\u00f3ria come\u00e7a a ser abordada, ainda que muito lentamente, de maneira mais cr\u00edtica.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Foi um epis\u00f3dio ef\u00eamero na hist\u00f3ria americana \u2014 mas teve um alcance maior do que qualquer pessoa na \u00e9poca poderia imaginar.<\/p>\n<p>A Rep\u00fablica da Calif\u00f3rnia, que existiu por apenas<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":399524,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1175,6,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-399523","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-educacao","category-municipios","category-sem-categoria"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/bandeira-do-urso.webp","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/399523","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=399523"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/399523\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/399524"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=399523"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=399523"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=399523"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}