{"id":402310,"date":"2022-10-30T08:56:57","date_gmt":"2022-10-30T11:56:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/?p=402310"},"modified":"2022-10-30T08:56:57","modified_gmt":"2022-10-30T11:56:57","slug":"os-vergonhosos-zoologicos-humanos-que-existiram-na-europa-ate-1958","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/os-vergonhosos-zoologicos-humanos-que-existiram-na-europa-ate-1958\/","title":{"rendered":"Os vergonhosos &#8216;zool\u00f3gicos humanos&#8217; que existiram na Europa at\u00e9 1958"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"bbc-1151pbn ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<h1 id=\"content\" class=\"bbc-14gqcmb e1p3vdyi0\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"e1j2237y6 bbc-q4ibpr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-1atl7vu euvj3t14\">\n<p>Dalia Ventura<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"e1j2237y7 bbc-q4ibpr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e1aczekt0\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y eihqrxw0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1mo64ex1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/5AF7\/production\/_127278232_map_of_tenochtitlan_1524-1.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/5AF7\/production\/_127278232_map_of_tenochtitlan_1524-1.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/5AF7\/production\/_127278232_map_of_tenochtitlan_1524-1.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/5AF7\/production\/_127278232_map_of_tenochtitlan_1524-1.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/5AF7\/production\/_127278232_map_of_tenochtitlan_1524-1.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/5AF7\/production\/_127278232_map_of_tenochtitlan_1524-1.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/5AF7\/production\/_127278232_map_of_tenochtitlan_1524-1.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/5AF7\/production\/_127278232_map_of_tenochtitlan_1524-1.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/5AF7\/production\/_127278232_map_of_tenochtitlan_1524-1.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/5AF7\/production\/_127278232_map_of_tenochtitlan_1524-1.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"e3vrtyk0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1mo64ex0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/5AF7\/production\/_127278232_map_of_tenochtitlan_1524-1.jpg\" alt=\"O Zool\u00f3gico de Moctezuma no mapa de Tenochtitlan, publicado em Nuremberg em 1524\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-rhuvwm e6i104o0\" dir=\"ltr\">O Zool\u00f3gico de Moctezuma no mapa de Tenochtitlan, publicado em Nuremberg em 1524<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\"><b>Esta \u00e9 uma hist\u00f3ria vil. E das piores, porque deixou graves sequelas at\u00e9 hoje.<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">E perdurou por muitos anos \u2014 talvez at\u00e9 s\u00e9culos, dependendo de por onde se come\u00e7ar a contar.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">No hemisf\u00e9rio ocidental, pode remontar ao zool\u00f3gico de Moctezuma, o nono tlatoani (governante) de Tenochtitlan e soberano da Tr\u00edplice Alian\u00e7a Asteca.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Segundo cronistas espanh\u00f3is como Antonio Sol\u00eds e Rivadeneyra (1610-1686), al\u00e9m de aves, feras e animais pe\u00e7onhentos, havia &#8220;um c\u00f4modo onde viviam os buf\u00f5es e outros vermes do pal\u00e1cio que serviam para entreter o rei: como monstros, an\u00f5es, corcundas e outros erros da natureza&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">A descri\u00e7\u00e3o lembra a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o dos<i class=\"bbc-h1y5j7 eih42320\">\u00a0freak shows<\/i>\u00a0(espet\u00e1culos de aberra\u00e7\u00f5es), que datam do s\u00e9culo 16.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">A essa altura, as defici\u00eancias f\u00edsicas n\u00e3o eram mais consideradas maus press\u00e1gios ou temidas como evid\u00eancia de esp\u00edritos malignos, ent\u00e3o as &#8220;monstruosidades&#8221; m\u00e9dicas se tornaram componentes padr\u00e3o dos shows itinerantes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Mas talvez um precursor mais apropriado para o que continuaria acontecendo mais de quatro s\u00e9culos depois das primeiras viagens da era dos descobrimentos tenha sido a incorpora\u00e7\u00e3o que o cardeal italiano Hip\u00f3lito de M\u00e9dici fez ao zool\u00f3gico da fam\u00edlia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Em pleno Renascimento italiano, ele se gabava de ter, al\u00e9m de todos os tipos de animais ex\u00f3ticos, v\u00e1rios &#8220;selvagens&#8221; que falavam mais de 20 l\u00ednguas, entre mouros, t\u00e1rtaros, indianos, turcos e africanos.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Ele havia dado um passo al\u00e9m na desumaniza\u00e7\u00e3o daqueles que eram diferentes: \u00e0 grotesca exibi\u00e7\u00e3o de pessoas nascidas com alguma defici\u00eancia f\u00edsica, ele acrescentou a posse de humanos de outras terras cuja apar\u00eancia e costumes eram distintos dos da Europa.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"e18mih2h1 bbc-9m7iam ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e1aczekt0\">\n<div class=\"bbc-vx18wi ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-vx18wi ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-rprdln ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y eihqrxw0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1mo64ex1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/C10A\/production\/_127281494_giorgio_vasari_-_lorenzo_the_magnificent_receives_the_tribute_of_the_ambassadors_-_google_art_project-1.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/C10A\/production\/_127281494_giorgio_vasari_-_lorenzo_the_magnificent_receives_the_tribute_of_the_ambassadors_-_google_art_project-1.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/C10A\/production\/_127281494_giorgio_vasari_-_lorenzo_the_magnificent_receives_the_tribute_of_the_ambassadors_-_google_art_project-1.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/C10A\/production\/_127281494_giorgio_vasari_-_lorenzo_the_magnificent_receives_the_tribute_of_the_ambassadors_-_google_art_project-1.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/C10A\/production\/_127281494_giorgio_vasari_-_lorenzo_the_magnificent_receives_the_tribute_of_the_ambassadors_-_google_art_project-1.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/C10A\/production\/_127281494_giorgio_vasari_-_lorenzo_the_magnificent_receives_the_tribute_of_the_ambassadors_-_google_art_project-1.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/C10A\/production\/_127281494_giorgio_vasari_-_lorenzo_the_magnificent_receives_the_tribute_of_the_ambassadors_-_google_art_project-1.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/C10A\/production\/_127281494_giorgio_vasari_-_lorenzo_the_magnificent_receives_the_tribute_of_the_ambassadors_-_google_art_project-1.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/C10A\/production\/_127281494_giorgio_vasari_-_lorenzo_the_magnificent_receives_the_tribute_of_the_ambassadors_-_google_art_project-1.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/C10A\/production\/_127281494_giorgio_vasari_-_lorenzo_the_magnificent_receives_the_tribute_of_the_ambassadors_-_google_art_project-1.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"e3vrtyk0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1mo64ex0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/C10A\/production\/_127281494_giorgio_vasari_-_lorenzo_the_magnificent_receives_the_tribute_of_the_ambassadors_-_google_art_project-1.jpg\" alt=\"Quadro de Giorgio Vasari 'Lorenzo, o Magn\u00edfico, recebe homenagem dos embaixadores' (1556-8) mostra girafa\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1365\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-rhuvwm e6i104o0\" dir=\"ltr\">Os M\u00e9dici mantinham um zool\u00f3gico aberto ao p\u00fablico que inclu\u00eda esta girafa pintada no quadro de Giorgio Vasari<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-vx18wi ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">O auge desse tipo de desumaniza\u00e7\u00e3o aconteceria, no entanto, centenas de anos depois, quando as sociedades ocidentais desenvolveram um apetite por exibir &#8220;esp\u00e9cimes&#8221; humanos ex\u00f3ticos que eram enviados para Paris, Nova York, Londres ou Berlim para o interesse e deleite do p\u00fablico.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">O que come\u00e7ou como uma curiosidade por parte dos observadores se transformou em uma pseudoci\u00eancia macabra em meados do s\u00e9culo 19, com os pesquisadores em busca de evid\u00eancias f\u00edsicas para sua teoria racial.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Milh\u00f5es de pessoas visitaram os &#8220;zool\u00f3gicos humanos&#8221; criados como parte de grandes feiras internacionais.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Nelas, era poss\u00edvel ver aldeias inteiras com habitantes levados de lugares distantes e pagos para representar dan\u00e7as de guerra ou rituais religiosos diante de seus senhores coloniais.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Assim, foi criado um sentido do &#8220;outro&#8221; em rela\u00e7\u00e3o aos povos estrangeiros, o que ajudou a legitimar sua domina\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<h2 id=\"O-ex\u00f3tico\" class=\"bbc-1f03ibc eglt09e0\" tabindex=\"-1\">O ex\u00f3tico<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">\u00c9 poss\u00edvel que tenha sido relativamente inocente no in\u00edcio: um encontro com o desconhecido e uma curiosidade, talvez at\u00e9 m\u00fatua.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Em 1774, um polin\u00e9sio chamado Mai ou Omai chegou \u00e0 Inglaterra com o capit\u00e3o James Cook e foi apresentado pelo naturalista Joseph Banks \u00e0 corte do rei George 3\u00b0, que se rendeu a ele.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e1aczekt0\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y eihqrxw0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1mo64ex1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/D027\/production\/_127278235_omiah_the_indian_from_otaheite_presented_to_their_majesties_at_kew_by_mr_banks_-_dr_solander_july_17_1774-1.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/D027\/production\/_127278235_omiah_the_indian_from_otaheite_presented_to_their_majesties_at_kew_by_mr_banks_-_dr_solander_july_17_1774-1.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/D027\/production\/_127278235_omiah_the_indian_from_otaheite_presented_to_their_majesties_at_kew_by_mr_banks_-_dr_solander_july_17_1774-1.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/D027\/production\/_127278235_omiah_the_indian_from_otaheite_presented_to_their_majesties_at_kew_by_mr_banks_-_dr_solander_july_17_1774-1.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/D027\/production\/_127278235_omiah_the_indian_from_otaheite_presented_to_their_majesties_at_kew_by_mr_banks_-_dr_solander_july_17_1774-1.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/D027\/production\/_127278235_omiah_the_indian_from_otaheite_presented_to_their_majesties_at_kew_by_mr_banks_-_dr_solander_july_17_1774-1.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/D027\/production\/_127278235_omiah_the_indian_from_otaheite_presented_to_their_majesties_at_kew_by_mr_banks_-_dr_solander_july_17_1774-1.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/D027\/production\/_127278235_omiah_the_indian_from_otaheite_presented_to_their_majesties_at_kew_by_mr_banks_-_dr_solander_july_17_1774-1.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/D027\/production\/_127278235_omiah_the_indian_from_otaheite_presented_to_their_majesties_at_kew_by_mr_banks_-_dr_solander_july_17_1774-1.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/D027\/production\/_127278235_omiah_the_indian_from_otaheite_presented_to_their_majesties_at_kew_by_mr_banks_-_dr_solander_july_17_1774-1.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"e3vrtyk0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1mo64ex0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/D027\/production\/_127278235_omiah_the_indian_from_otaheite_presented_to_their_majesties_at_kew_by_mr_banks_-_dr_solander_july_17_1774-1.jpg\" alt=\"'Omiah, o ind\u00edgena de Otaheite, apresentado \u00e0 Sua Majestade em Kew por Banks e Solander, em 17 de julho de 1774'\" width=\"1024\" height=\"817\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-rhuvwm e6i104o0\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8216;Omiah, o ind\u00edgena de Otaheite, apresentado \u00e0 Sua Majestade por Banks e Solander, em 17 de julho de 1774&#8217;<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Era &#8220;engenhoso, encantador e astuto&#8221;, como descreve Richard Holmes no livro\u00a0<i class=\"bbc-h1y5j7 eih42320\">The Age of Wonder.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Sua beleza ex\u00f3tica&#8230; era muito admirada na sociedade, especialmente entre as damas aristocr\u00e1ticas mais ousadas.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Mas era um convidado ou um esp\u00e9cime?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Se havia algum espa\u00e7o para a ambiguidade no in\u00edcio, esta desapareceu com as novas certezas da \u00e9poca colonial.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">O emblema mais triste da era que viria foi a sul-africana\u00a0<a class=\"bbc-n8oauk e1p3sufg0\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/portuguese\/noticias\/2016\/01\/160110_mulher_circo_africa_lab\">Saartjie Baartman, conhecida como a &#8220;V\u00eanus Hotentote&#8221;<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Nascida por volta de 1780, foi levada para Londres em 1810 e exibida em feiras na Europa.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Foi nesse per\u00edodo que come\u00e7ou o estudo do que veio a ser chamado de &#8220;racialismo&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Ela faleceu em 1815, mas o show continuou.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Seu c\u00e9rebro, esqueleto e \u00f3rg\u00e3os sexuais permaneceram em exposi\u00e7\u00e3o no Museu da Humanidade em Paris at\u00e9 1974. Em 2002, seus restos mortais foram repatriados e enterrados na \u00c1frica do Sul.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Baartman inaugurou o per\u00edodo de descri\u00e7\u00e3o, medi\u00e7\u00e3o e classifica\u00e7\u00e3o, que logo levaria \u00e0 hierarquiza\u00e7\u00e3o: a ideia discriminat\u00f3ria de que existem ra\u00e7as melhores e piores.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-sffzb7 e1hrqbfn0\">\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<h2 id=\"O-inferior\" class=\"bbc-1f03ibc eglt09e0\" tabindex=\"-1\">O inferior<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">O cl\u00edmax da hist\u00f3ria vem com o apogeu imperialista do final do s\u00e9culo 19 e in\u00edcio do s\u00e9culo 20.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Em ambos os lados do Atl\u00e2ntico, o p\u00fablico alimentado por no\u00e7\u00f5es de evangelismo crist\u00e3o e superioridade cultural delirou com as recria\u00e7\u00f5es da vida colonial que se tornaram parte habitual das feiras internacionais.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Os visitantes podiam vislumbrar a vida &#8220;primitiva&#8221; e ter a sensa\u00e7\u00e3o de que haviam &#8220;viajado&#8221; para lugares desconhecidos.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">O alem\u00e3o Carl Hagenbeck, comerciante de animais selvagens e futuro empres\u00e1rio de muitos zool\u00f3gicos europeus, foi um dos pioneiros dessa tend\u00eancia, se destacando com outras exposi\u00e7\u00f5es de &#8220;popula\u00e7\u00f5es ex\u00f3ticas&#8221; ao mostr\u00e1-las junto a plantas e animais como em seu &#8220;ambiente natural&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Em 1874, ele exibiu samoanos e sami (lap\u00f5es) \u2014 e, em 1876, n\u00fabios do Sud\u00e3o eg\u00edpcio, uma mostra de enorme sucesso na Europa.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e1aczekt0\">\n<div class=\"bbc-37mmq3 ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-37mmq3 ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y eihqrxw0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1mo64ex1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/A917\/production\/_127278234_newproject.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/A917\/production\/_127278234_newproject.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/A917\/production\/_127278234_newproject.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/A917\/production\/_127278234_newproject.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/A917\/production\/_127278234_newproject.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/A917\/production\/_127278234_newproject.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/A917\/production\/_127278234_newproject.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/A917\/production\/_127278234_newproject.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/A917\/production\/_127278234_newproject.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/A917\/production\/_127278234_newproject.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"e3vrtyk0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1mo64ex0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/A917\/production\/_127278234_newproject.jpg\" alt=\"Cartazes das exposi\u00e7\u00f5es de n\u00fabios (1877), calmucos (1883) e somalis (1890) no Jardin Zoologique d'Acclimatation em Paris, com detalhes do cartaz da mostra dos ashantis (1887)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-rhuvwm e6i104o0\" dir=\"ltr\">Cartazes das exposi\u00e7\u00f5es de n\u00fabios (1877), calmucos (1883) e somalis (1890) no Jardin zoologique d&#8217;acclimatation em Paris \u2014 e detalhes do cartaz da mostra dos ashantis (1887)<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-37mmq3 ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Sua ideia de mostrar &#8220;selvagens em seu estado natural&#8221; foi provavelmente a inspira\u00e7\u00e3o de Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire, diretor do Jardin d&#8217;aclimatation em Paris, que em 1877 organizou dois &#8220;espet\u00e1culos etnol\u00f3gicos&#8221; que apresentavam n\u00fabios e inu\u00edtes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Naquele ano, o p\u00fablico dobrou para um milh\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Entre 1877 e 1912, cerca de 30 &#8220;exposi\u00e7\u00f5es etnol\u00f3gicas&#8221; foram apresentadas no Jardin zoologique d&#8217;aclimatation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Tamb\u00e9m em Paris, a Exposi\u00e7\u00e3o Universal de 1878 apresentou &#8220;aldeias negras&#8221;, povoadas por pessoas das col\u00f4nias do Senegal, Tonquim e Taiti.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">O pavilh\u00e3o holand\u00eas dessa exposi\u00e7\u00e3o inclu\u00eda uma aldeia javanesa (&#8220;kampong&#8221;) habitada por &#8220;nativos&#8221; que realizavam dan\u00e7as e rituais.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Em 1889, a Feira Mundial, visitada por 28 milh\u00f5es de pessoas, tamb\u00e9m teve, entre os 400 ind\u00edgenas expostos, javaneses que tocavam m\u00fasicas t\u00e3o sofisticadas que deixaram o jovem compositor Claude Debussy de queixo ca\u00eddo.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Nesse mesmo ano, com a permiss\u00e3o do governo chileno, 11 nativos do povo selknam ou ona, incluindo um menino de 8 anos, foram enviados para a Europa para serem exibidos em zool\u00f3gicos humanos.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e1aczekt0\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y eihqrxw0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1mo64ex1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/11E47\/production\/_127278237_gettyimages-949974080.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/11E47\/production\/_127278237_gettyimages-949974080.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/11E47\/production\/_127278237_gettyimages-949974080.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/11E47\/production\/_127278237_gettyimages-949974080.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/11E47\/production\/_127278237_gettyimages-949974080.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/11E47\/production\/_127278237_gettyimages-949974080.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/11E47\/production\/_127278237_gettyimages-949974080.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/11E47\/production\/_127278237_gettyimages-949974080.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/11E47\/production\/_127278237_gettyimages-949974080.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/11E47\/production\/_127278237_gettyimages-949974080.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"e3vrtyk0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1mo64ex0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/11E47\/production\/_127278237_gettyimages-949974080.jpg\" alt=\"Mulheres selk'nam capturadas\" width=\"1024\" height=\"656\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<p class=\"bbc-1s1cxbv ewbcsnk0\" role=\"text\"><span class=\"bbc-1gnhmg2 ed7bp6y0\">CR\u00c9DITO,<\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\">GETTY IMAGES<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Os ind\u00edgenas tehuelche, selknam e kaw\u00e9sqar da Patag\u00f4nia eram uma raridade, por isso foram fotografados, medidos, pesados \u200b\u200be for\u00e7ados a &#8220;se apresentar&#8221; diariamente, entre 1878 e 1900.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Se sobrevivessem \u00e0 viagem, a maioria desses &#8220;esp\u00e9cimes&#8221; sul-americanos faleciam pouco tempo depois de chegar aos seus destinos.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Os selknam haviam sido capturados por Maurice Maitre, um dos negociantes que enriqueceu com essa modalidade de tr\u00e1fico humano.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Alguns desses empres\u00e1rios, como o lend\u00e1rio &#8220;Buffalo Bill&#8221; Cody, organizavam espet\u00e1culos itinerantes \u2014 como os do Velho Oeste, outro exemplo de estere\u00f3tipo racial.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">E alguns se distinguiam pelo tratamento dado aos ind\u00edgenas, como Truman Hunt, administrador de uma popular &#8220;aldeia de igorot&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Ela era povoada por cerca de 1,3 mil filipinos de diferentes tribos que o governo americano havia levado para a Exposi\u00e7\u00e3o Universal de St. Louis de 1904.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e1aczekt0\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y eihqrxw0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1mo64ex1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/04C2\/production\/_127281210_service-pnp-stereo-1s00000-1s03000-1s03000-1s03019v.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/04C2\/production\/_127281210_service-pnp-stereo-1s00000-1s03000-1s03000-1s03019v.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/04C2\/production\/_127281210_service-pnp-stereo-1s00000-1s03000-1s03000-1s03019v.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/04C2\/production\/_127281210_service-pnp-stereo-1s00000-1s03000-1s03000-1s03019v.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/04C2\/production\/_127281210_service-pnp-stereo-1s00000-1s03000-1s03000-1s03019v.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/04C2\/production\/_127281210_service-pnp-stereo-1s00000-1s03000-1s03000-1s03019v.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/04C2\/production\/_127281210_service-pnp-stereo-1s00000-1s03000-1s03000-1s03019v.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/04C2\/production\/_127281210_service-pnp-stereo-1s00000-1s03000-1s03000-1s03019v.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/04C2\/production\/_127281210_service-pnp-stereo-1s00000-1s03000-1s03000-1s03019v.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/04C2\/production\/_127281210_service-pnp-stereo-1s00000-1s03000-1s03000-1s03019v.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"e3vrtyk0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1mo64ex0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/04C2\/production\/_127281210_service-pnp-stereo-1s00000-1s03000-1s03000-1s03019v.jpg\" alt=\"Foto de filipinos e americanos misturados\" width=\"1024\" height=\"530\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-rhuvwm e6i104o0\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8216;Extremos se encontram: civilizados e selvagens observando salva-vidas, fam\u00edlia igorot na Feira Mundial, St. Louis, 1904&#8217;, diz a legenda desta foto<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Neste caso, a motiva\u00e7\u00e3o era pol\u00edtica, segundo Claire Prentice, autora de\u00a0<i class=\"bbc-h1y5j7 eih42320\">The Lost Tribe of Coney Island<\/i>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Ao exibir os &#8220;selvagens&#8221;, o governo esperava obter apoio p\u00fablico para suas pol\u00edticas nas Filipinas, mostrando que os habitantes dos territ\u00f3rios rec\u00e9m-adquiridos estavam longe de estar prontos para uma autogest\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">A cada um dos &#8220;nativos&#8221; era prometido um pagamento de US$ 15 por m\u00eas para mostrar sua cultura e costumes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Hunt tratou t\u00e3o mal os igorot que foi preso em 1906, acusado de roubar deles US$ 9,6 mil em sal\u00e1rio \u2014 e usar a for\u00e7a f\u00edsica para tirar centenas de d\u00f3lares a mais que os membros da tribo haviam ganhado vendendo artesanato.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e1aczekt0\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y eihqrxw0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1mo64ex1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/14557\/production\/_127278238_service-pnp-ggbain-03900-03951v.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/14557\/production\/_127278238_service-pnp-ggbain-03900-03951v.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/14557\/production\/_127278238_service-pnp-ggbain-03900-03951v.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/14557\/production\/_127278238_service-pnp-ggbain-03900-03951v.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/14557\/production\/_127278238_service-pnp-ggbain-03900-03951v.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/14557\/production\/_127278238_service-pnp-ggbain-03900-03951v.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/14557\/production\/_127278238_service-pnp-ggbain-03900-03951v.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/14557\/production\/_127278238_service-pnp-ggbain-03900-03951v.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/14557\/production\/_127278238_service-pnp-ggbain-03900-03951v.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/14557\/production\/_127278238_service-pnp-ggbain-03900-03951v.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"e3vrtyk0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1mo64ex0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/14557\/production\/_127278238_service-pnp-ggbain-03900-03951v.jpg\" alt=\"Menina igorote observada por visitantes\" width=\"1024\" height=\"737\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-rhuvwm e6i104o0\" dir=\"ltr\">Uma menina filipina igorot no zool\u00f3gico humano de Coney Island, em Nova York, 1905<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<h2 id=\"Racismo-cient\u00edfico\" class=\"bbc-1f03ibc eglt09e0\" tabindex=\"-1\">Racismo cient\u00edfico<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">As motiva\u00e7\u00f5es para continuar exibindo seres humanos por d\u00e9cadas, enfatizando as &#8220;diferen\u00e7as&#8221; entre os &#8220;primitivos&#8221; e os &#8220;civilizados&#8221;, em Hamburgo, Copenhague, Barcelona, \u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bMil\u00e3o, Vars\u00f3via e outros lugares, passaram a ser outras.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Estavam ligadas, argumentam os acad\u00eamicos, a tr\u00eas fen\u00f4menos inter-relacionados: a constru\u00e7\u00e3o de um imagin\u00e1rio do Outro, a teoriza\u00e7\u00e3o de uma hierarquia de ra\u00e7as e a constru\u00e7\u00e3o de imp\u00e9rios coloniais.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Eram frequentemente baseadas no racismo cient\u00edfico e em uma vers\u00e3o do darwinismo social.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Em 1906, por exemplo, o antrop\u00f3logo amador Madison Grant, diretor da Sociedade Zool\u00f3gica de Nova York, exibiu o pigmeu congol\u00eas Ota Benga no Zool\u00f3gico do Bronx, em Nova York, junto a macacos e outros animais.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">A pedido de Grant, um conhecido eugenista, o diretor do zool\u00f3gico colocou Ota Benga em uma jaula com um orangotango e o chamou de &#8220;O Elo Perdido&#8221;, para ilustrar que, em termos evolutivos, africanos como Ota Benga estavam mais pr\u00f3ximos dos macacos do que dos europeus.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"e18mih2h1 bbc-9m7iam ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e1aczekt0\">\n<div class=\"bbc-vx18wi ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-vx18wi ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-rprdln ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y eihqrxw0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1mo64ex1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/8207\/production\/_127278233_ota_benga_at_bronx_zoo-1.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/8207\/production\/_127278233_ota_benga_at_bronx_zoo-1.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/8207\/production\/_127278233_ota_benga_at_bronx_zoo-1.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/8207\/production\/_127278233_ota_benga_at_bronx_zoo-1.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/8207\/production\/_127278233_ota_benga_at_bronx_zoo-1.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/8207\/production\/_127278233_ota_benga_at_bronx_zoo-1.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/8207\/production\/_127278233_ota_benga_at_bronx_zoo-1.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/8207\/production\/_127278233_ota_benga_at_bronx_zoo-1.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/8207\/production\/_127278233_ota_benga_at_bronx_zoo-1.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/8207\/production\/_127278233_ota_benga_at_bronx_zoo-1.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"e3vrtyk0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1mo64ex0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/8207\/production\/_127278233_ota_benga_at_bronx_zoo-1.jpg\" alt=\"Oto Benga\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1854\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-rhuvwm e6i104o0\" dir=\"ltr\">De acordo com uma placa do lado de fora da casa dos primatas, Oto Benga, de 23 anos, com 1,50 cm de altura e 47 kg, trazido do Rio Kasai, Estado Livre do Congo, na \u00c1frica Central, pelo Dr. Samuel P. Verner, seria exibido &#8216;todas as tardes durante o m\u00eas de setembro&#8217;<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-vx18wi ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Ap\u00f3s protestos da Igreja Batista Afro-Americana, ele foi autorizado a andar pelo zool\u00f3gico, mas quando foi assediado verbal e fisicamente pelo p\u00fablico, seu comportamento se tornou um pouco violento, e ele foi retirado.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Em 1916, Grant publicou um livro no qual expunha a teoria da superioridade branca e defendia um forte programa de eugenia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Nesse mesmo ano, Ota Benga se suicidou com um tiro no cora\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<h2 id=\"Fora-de-moda\" class=\"bbc-1f03ibc eglt09e0\" tabindex=\"-1\">Fora de moda<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">No entanto, as Exposi\u00e7\u00f5es Coloniais de Marselha (1906 e 1922) e Paris (1907 e 1931) continuavam a exibir seres humanos em jaulas, muitas vezes nus ou seminus.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">A de 1931 foi visitada por 34 milh\u00f5es de pessoas em seis meses.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Um n\u00famero consideravelmente menor de pessoas compareceu \u00e0 exposi\u00e7\u00e3o de protesto organizada pela Liga Anti-Imperialista comunista, chamada &#8220;A verdade sobre as col\u00f4nias&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">No entanto, o simples fato de terem montado essa exposi\u00e7\u00e3o era um sinal de que as atitudes em rela\u00e7\u00e3o aos zool\u00f3gicos humanos estavam mudando gradualmente.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"e18mih2h1 bbc-9m7iam ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e1aczekt0\">\n<div class=\"bbc-vx18wi ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-vx18wi ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-rprdln ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y eihqrxw0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1mo64ex1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/24CA\/production\/_127281490_gettyimages-1055032940-1.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/24CA\/production\/_127281490_gettyimages-1055032940-1.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/24CA\/production\/_127281490_gettyimages-1055032940-1.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/24CA\/production\/_127281490_gettyimages-1055032940-1.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/24CA\/production\/_127281490_gettyimages-1055032940-1.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/24CA\/production\/_127281490_gettyimages-1055032940-1.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/24CA\/production\/_127281490_gettyimages-1055032940-1.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/24CA\/production\/_127281490_gettyimages-1055032940-1.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/24CA\/production\/_127281490_gettyimages-1055032940-1.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/24CA\/production\/_127281490_gettyimages-1055032940-1.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"e3vrtyk0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1mo64ex0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/24CA\/production\/_127281490_gettyimages-1055032940-1.jpg\" alt=\"Cartaz da Exposi\u00e7\u00e3o Colonial de Paris de 1931\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1663\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-rhuvwm e6i104o0\" dir=\"ltr\">Cartaz da Exposi\u00e7\u00e3o Colonial de Paris de 1931<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-vx18wi ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Estima-se que cerca de 35 mil pessoas foram exibidas.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">A maioria era paga \u2014 eram espet\u00e1culos, entretenimento p\u00fablico. Os alde\u00f5es representavam um papel.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Mas, significativamente, havia barreiras entre o p\u00fablico e esses &#8220;artistas&#8221;, para refor\u00e7ar a no\u00e7\u00e3o de separa\u00e7\u00e3o e, n\u00e3o precisa nem dizer, de desigualdade.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Essas exposi\u00e7\u00f5es etnogr\u00e1ficas foram extintas ap\u00f3s a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Curiosamente, foi Adolf Hitler quem as proibiu primeiro.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Em outros casos, lamentavelmente, nem sequer foi necess\u00e1rio proibi-las: deixaram de existir n\u00e3o por causa de uma reavalia\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9tica, mas porque surgiram novas formas de entretenimento, e as pessoas simplesmente perderam o interesse.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">A \u00faltima a acabar foi a da B\u00e9lgica.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-1ka88fa ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<figure class=\"bbc-1qdcvv9 e1aczekt0\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-189y18v ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-997y1y eihqrxw0\" data-e2e=\"image-placeholder\">\n<div class=\"lazyload-wrapper \"><picture class=\"bbc-yfiktt e1mo64ex1\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/10F2A\/production\/_127281496_default-2-1.jpg.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/10F2A\/production\/_127281496_default-2-1.jpg.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/10F2A\/production\/_127281496_default-2-1.jpg.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/10F2A\/production\/_127281496_default-2-1.jpg.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/10F2A\/production\/_127281496_default-2-1.jpg.webp 800w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/10F2A\/production\/_127281496_default-2-1.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/10F2A\/production\/_127281496_default-2-1.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/10F2A\/production\/_127281496_default-2-1.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/10F2A\/production\/_127281496_default-2-1.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/10F2A\/production\/_127281496_default-2-1.jpg 800w\" type=\"image\/jpeg\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 645px, 100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"e3vrtyk0 bbc-rb7xa0 e1mo64ex0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/10F2A\/production\/_127281496_default-2-1.jpg\" alt=\"Menino branco acariciando um beb\u00ea congol\u00eas\" width=\"1024\" height=\"734\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"bbc-rhuvwm e6i104o0\" dir=\"ltr\">Legenda original: &#8216;Um menino negro perto de seus pais, artes\u00e3os ind\u00edgenas que exercem seu of\u00edcio em frente \u00e0s cabanas constru\u00eddas para eles nos jardins tropicais, tira uma soneca. Um menino branco acha seu irm\u00e3ozinho negro t\u00e3o am\u00e1vel&#8230;&#8217;<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><div class=\"bbc-172p16q ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"bbc-3edg7g ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">No ver\u00e3o de 1897, o rei Leopoldo 2\u00ba havia levado 267 congoleses para Bruxelas para exibir em seu pal\u00e1cio colonial em Tervuren, a leste da capital.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Muitos morreram no inverno, mas tamanha foi a popularidade que mais tarde se estabeleceria uma exposi\u00e7\u00e3o permanente no local.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Para a Exposi\u00e7\u00e3o Internacional e Universal de Bruxelas de 1958, uma celebra\u00e7\u00e3o dos 200 dias de avan\u00e7os sociais, culturais e tecnol\u00f3gicos do p\u00f3s-guerra, foi montada uma aldeia &#8220;t\u00edpica&#8221;, em que os espectadores observavam os congoleses, muitas vezes fazendo goza\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;Se n\u00e3o reagiam, jogavam moedas ou bananas para eles pela cerca de bambu&#8221;, escreveu um jornalista da \u00e9poca.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Os congoleses se cansaram das condi\u00e7\u00f5es em que eram mantidos e do abuso do p\u00fablico, e o zool\u00f3gico humano fechou.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Foi o \u00faltimo da hist\u00f3ria.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbc-19j92fr ebmt73l0\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"bbc-hhl7in e17g058b0\" dir=\"ltr\">Os zool\u00f3gicos humanos desempenharam um papel importante no desenvolvimento do racismo moderno.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A essa altura, as defici\u00eancias f\u00edsicas n\u00e3o eram mais consideradas maus press\u00e1gios ou temidas como evid\u00eancia de esp\u00edritos malignos, ent\u00e3o as &#8220;monstruosidad<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":402311,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[3,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-402310","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultura","category-municipios"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/indio-preso.webp","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/402310","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=402310"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/402310\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/402311"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=402310"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=402310"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acaopopular.net\/jornal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=402310"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}